|
Edad Difícil
Eadhadh is the Irish name of the nineteenth letter of the Ogham alphabet, ᚓ. In Old Irish, the letter name was Edad. Its phonetic value is The original meaning of the letter name is unknown, but it is likely an artificially altered pairing with Idad, much like Gothic '' pairþra, qairþra.'' Interpretation The kennings for this letter value are quite cryptic. Medieval "arboreal" glossators assign ''crand fir no crithach'' "'true tree' or aspen" (''Crann Creathach'' in modern Irish) to this letter, though this has little to recommend it by way of either the kennings or the etymology. McManus suggests an original value of Primitive Irish''*eburas,'' from the Proto-Celtic *''eburo-'' probably originally meaning "rowan". This is the root of the Old Irish ''ibar'' which refers (with qualifications) to a number of different evergreen trees. He makes sense of the kennings for ''edad'' in relation to its pairing with ''idad''. Given ''éo'' as the likely Old Irish word for "yew tr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Irish Language
Irish (Standard Irish: ), also known as Irish Gaelic or simply Gaelic ( ), is a Celtic language of the Indo-European language family. It is a member of the Goidelic languages of the Insular Celtic sub branch of the family and is indigenous language, indigenous to the island of Ireland. It was the majority of the population's first language until the 19th century, when English (language), English gradually became dominant, particularly in the last decades of the century, in what is sometimes characterised as a result of linguistic imperialism. Today, Irish is still commonly spoken as a first language in Ireland's Gaeltacht regions, in which 2% of Ireland's population lived in 2022. The total number of people (aged 3 and over) in Ireland who declared they could speak Irish in April 2022 was 1,873,997, representing 40% of respondents, but of these, 472,887 said they never spoke it and a further 551,993 said they only spoke it within the education system. Linguistic analyses o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ogham
Ogham (also ogam and ogom, , Modern Irish: ; , later ) is an Early Medieval alphabet used primarily to write the early Irish language (in the "orthodox" inscriptions, 4th to 6th centuries AD), and later the Old Irish language ( scholastic ogham, 6th to 9th centuries). There are roughly 400 surviving orthodox inscriptions on stone monuments throughout Ireland and western Britain, the bulk of which are in southern areas of the Irish province of Munster. The Munster counties of Cork and Kerry contain 60% of all Irish ogham stones. The largest number outside Ireland are in Pembrokeshire, Wales. The inscriptions usually consist of personal names written in a set formula. Many of the High Medieval '' Bríatharogaim'' (kennings for the ogham letters) are understood to reference various trees and plants. This interpretation was popularized by Robert Graves in his book '' The White Goddess''; for this reason, Ogham is sometimes known as the Celtic tree alphabet. The etymology of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Old Irish
Old Irish, also called Old Gaelic (, Ogham, Ogham script: ᚌᚑᚔᚇᚓᚂᚉ; ; ; or ), is the oldest form of the Goidelic languages, Goidelic/Gaelic language for which there are extensive written texts. It was used from 600 to 900. The main contemporary texts are dated 700–850; by 900 the language had already transitioned into early Middle Irish. Some Old Irish texts date from the 10th century, although these are presumably copies of texts written at an earlier time. Old Irish is forebear to Modern Irish, Manx language, Manx and Scottish Gaelic. Old Irish is known for having a particularly complex system of morphology (linguistics), morphology and especially of allomorphy (more or less unpredictable variations in stems and suffixes in differing circumstances), as well as a complex phonology, sound system involving grammatically significant Irish initial mutations, consonant mutations to the initial consonant of a word. Apparently,It is difficult to know for sure, giv ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Iodhadh (letter)
is the Irish name of the twentieth letter of the Ogham alphabet, ᚔ. In Old Irish, the letter name was . Its phonetic value is The original meaning of the letter name is uncertain, but it is likely an artificially altered pair with , much like Gothic , and may refer to "yew". Interpretation The medieval glossators all assign "yew" as the meaning of the letter name referred to by the kennings, though ''Idad'' is not a word attested in its own right. ''Idad'' as "yew" is glossed by these later commentators as deriving from a modified form of ''ibar'' originally. However, this is unlikely to be the Old Irish word that gave the letter its value of "yew", as the cognate Welsh ''efwr'' and Gallo-Roman ''eburos'' point to a Primitive Irish ''*eburas,'' and ''ibar'' was used (with qualifiers) to refer to a whole range of evergreen shrubs''.'' It is more likely that the Old Irish word that gave the letter its ascribed meaning was ''éo,'' from the Primitive Irish ''*iwas'' (cf. W ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kenning
A kenning ( Icelandic: ) is a figure of speech, a figuratively-phrased compound term that is used in place of a simple single-word noun. For instance, the Old English kenning () means , as does (). A kenning has two parts: a base-word (also known as a head-word) and a determinant. So in ''whale's road'', ''road'' is the base-word, and ''whale's'' is the determinant. This is the same structure as in the modern English term ''skyscraper''; the base-word here would be ''scraper'', and the determinant ''sky''. In some languages, kennings can recurse, with one element of the kenning being replaced by another kenning. The meaning of the kenning is known as its referent (in the case of ''whale's road'', ''sea'' is the referent). Note that ''skyscraper'' is not a kenning, as it is not a circumlocution for a simpler term; it just means . Kennings are strongly associated with Old Norse-Icelandic and Old English alliterative verse. They continued to be a feature of Icelandic poe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aspen
Aspen is a common name for certain tree species in the Populus sect. Populus, of the ''Populus'' (poplar) genus. Species These species are called aspens: * ''Populus adenopoda'' – Chinese aspen (China, south of ''P. tremula'') * ''Populus davidiana'' – Korean aspen (Eastern Asia) * ''Populus grandidentata'' – Bigtooth aspen (eastern North America, south of ''P. tremuloides'') * ''Populus sieboldii'' – Japanese aspen (Japan) * ''Populus tremula'' – Eurasian aspen (northern Europe and Asia) * ''Populus tremuloides'' – Quaking aspen or trembling aspen (northern and western North America) Habitat and longevity file:20130713Zitterpappel.ogv, The trembling of the leaves of the Populus tremula, trembling aspen Aspen trees are all native to cold regions with cool summers, in the north of the Northern Hemisphere, northern hemisphere, extending south at high-altitude areas such as mountains or high plains. They are all medium-sized deciduous trees reaching tall. In North Am ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Primitive Irish
Primitive Irish or Archaic Irish (), also called Proto-Goidelic, is the oldest known form of the Goidelic languages, and the ancestor of all languages within this family. This phase of the language is known only from fragments, mostly personal names, inscribed on stone in the Ogham alphabet in Ireland and western Great Britain between the 4th and the 6th century AD, before the advent of Old Irish. These inscriptions are referred to as Orthodox Ogham, although scholastic use of the script continued residually until the early 19th century. Written records Primitive Irish is the oldest recorded form of the Goidelic languages. It was written in the Ogham alphabet, the usage of which can be divided into two phases, Orthodox Ogham and Scholastic Ogham. The former represents the earlier tradition of inscriptions recording an individual's name, optionally with parentage, perhaps as a memorial or indicator of land ownership, whereas the latter resulted from a tradition of scho ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Proto-Celtic
Proto-Celtic, or Common Celtic, is the hypothetical ancestral proto-language of all known Celtic languages, and a descendant of Proto-Indo-European. It is not attested in writing but has been partly Linguistic reconstruction, reconstructed through the comparative method. Proto-Celtic is generally thought to have been spoken between 1300 and 800 BC, after which it began to split into different languages. Proto-Celtic is often associated with the Urnfield culture and particularly with the Hallstatt culture. Celtic languages share common features with Italic languages that are not found in other branches of Indo-European, suggesting the possibility of an earlier Italo-Celtic linguistic unity. Proto-Celtic is currently being reconstructed through the comparative method by relying on later Celtic languages. Though Continental Celtic presents much substantiation for Proto-Celtic phonology, and some for its morphology (linguistics), morphology, recorded material is too scanty to allow ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Iodhadh
is the Irish name of the twentieth letter of the Ogham alphabet, ᚔ. In Old Irish, the letter name was . Its phonetic value is The original meaning of the letter name is uncertain, but it is likely an artificially altered pair with , much like Gothic , and may refer to " yew". Interpretation The medieval glossators all assign " yew" as the meaning of the letter name referred to by the kennings, though ''Idad'' is not a word attested in its own right. ''Idad'' as "yew" is glossed by these later commentators as deriving from a modified form of ''ibar'' originally. However, this is unlikely to be the Old Irish word that gave the letter its value of "yew", as the cognate Welsh ''efwr'' and Gallo-Roman ''eburos'' point to a Primitive Irish ''*eburas,'' and ''ibar'' was used (with qualifiers) to refer to a whole range of evergreen shrubs''.'' It is more likely that the Old Irish word that gave the letter its ascribed meaning was ''éo,'' from the Primitive Irish ''*iwas'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Salmon Of Knowledge
The Salmon of Knowledge () is a creature in the Fenian Cycle of Irish mythology, sometimes identified with Fintan mac Bóchra, who was known as "The Wise" and was once transformed into a salmon. Fenian Cycle The Salmon story figures prominently in ''The Boyhood Deeds of Fionn'', which recounts the early adventures of Fionn mac Cumhaill. In the story, an ordinary salmon ate nine hazelnuts that fell into the Well of Wisdom (''an Tobar Segais'') from nine hazel trees that surrounded the well. By this act, the salmon gained all the world's knowledge. The first person to eat of its flesh would in turn gain this knowledge. The poet Finn Eces (or Finegas) spent seven years fishing for this salmon. Finally Finn caught the salmon and gave the fish to Fionn, his servant and son of Cumhaill, with instructions to cook it but on no account eat any of it. Fionn cooked the salmon, turning it over and over, but when he touched the fish with his thumb to see if it was cooked, he burnt his f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ifín
Ifín (also spelled ''iphin'') is one of the '' forfeda'', the "additional" letters of the Ogham alphabet. Its sound value according to the ''Auraicept na n-Éces'', '' De dúilib feda'' and ''In Lebor Ogaim'', are ''io'', ''ía'', and ''ia'', respectively. The Auraincept glosses the name according to the "arboreal" tradition as ''spinan no ispin'' "gooseberry or thorn". The letter's invention dates to the Old Irish period, several centuries after the peak of Ogham usage. Since the Ogham alphabet dates to the Primitive Irish period, it had no sign for in its original form. ''Ifín'' may originally have been added as a letter expressing called ''Pín'' (probably influenced by Latin ''pinus''). Due to the "schematicism of later Ogamists" (McManus 1988:167), who insisted on treating the five primary forfeda as vowels, had again to be expressed as a modification of called Peithe, after '' Beithe'', also called ''beithe bog'' "soft ''beithe''" or, tautologically, ''peithbo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
