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EAX Mode
EAX mode (encrypt-then-authenticate-then-translate) is a mode of operation for cryptographic block ciphers. It is an Authenticated Encryption with Associated Data ( AEAD) algorithm designed to simultaneously provide both authentication and privacy Privacy (, ) is the ability of an individual or group to seclude themselves or information about themselves, and thereby express themselves selectively. The domain of privacy partially overlaps with security, which can include the concepts of a ... of the message ( authenticated encryption) with a two-pass scheme, one pass for achieving privacy and one for authenticity for each block. EAX mode was submitted on October 3, 2003, to the attention of NIST in order to replace CCM as standard AEAD mode of operation, since CCM mode lacks some desirable attributes of EAX and is more complex. Encryption and authentication EAX is a flexible nonce-using two-pass AEAD scheme with no restrictions on block cipher primitive to be used, nor o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mode Of Operation
In cryptography, a block cipher mode of operation is an algorithm that uses a block cipher to provide information security such as confidentiality or authenticity. A block cipher by itself is only suitable for the secure cryptographic transformation (encryption or decryption) of one fixed-length group of bits called a block. A mode of operation describes how to repeatedly apply a cipher's single-block operation to securely transform amounts of data larger than a block. Most modes require a unique binary sequence, often called an initialization vector (IV), for each encryption operation. The IV must be non-repeating, and for some modes must also be random. The initialization vector is used to ensure that distinct ciphertexts are produced even when the same plaintext is encrypted multiple times independently with the same key. Block ciphers may be capable of operating on more than one block size, but during transformation the block size is always fixed. Block cipher modes op ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Authentication Tag
In cryptography, a message authentication code (MAC), sometimes known as an authentication tag, is a short piece of information used for authenticating and integrity-checking a message. In other words, it is used to confirm that the message came from the stated sender (its authenticity) and has not been changed (its integrity). The MAC value allows verifiers (who also possess a secret key) to detect any changes to the message content. Terminology The term message integrity code (MIC) is frequently substituted for the term ''MAC'', especially in communications to distinguish it from the use of the latter as '' media access control address'' (''MAC address''). However, some authors use MIC to refer to a message digest, which aims only to uniquely but opaquely identify a single message. RFC 4949 recommends avoiding the term ''message integrity code'' (MIC), and instead using ''checksum'', '' error detection code'', '' hash'', ''keyed hash'', ''message authentication code'', or ''pr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stefan Lucks
Stefan Lucks is a researcher in the fields of communications security and cryptography. Lucks is known for his attack on Triple DES, and for extending Lars Knudsen's Square attack to Twofish, a cipher outside the Square family, thus generalising the attack into integral cryptanalysis. He has also co-authored attacks on AES, LEVIATHAN, and the E0 cipher used in Bluetooth devices, as well as publishing strong password-based key agreement schemes. Lucks graduated from the University of Dortmund in 1992, and received his PhD at the University of Göttingen in 1997. After leaving the University of Mannheim Lucks now heads the Chair of Information Security and Cryptography at Bauhaus University, Weimar. Together with Niels Ferguson, Bruce Schneier and others he developed the Skein hash function as a candidate for the NIST hash function competition The NIST hash function competition was an open competition held by the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ANSI C12
The American National Standards Institute (ANSI ) is a private nonprofit organization that oversees the development of voluntary consensus standards for products, services, processes, systems, and personnel in the United States. The organization also coordinates U.S. standards with international standards so that American products can be used worldwide. ANSI accredits standards that are developed by representatives of other standards organizations, government agencies, consumer groups, companies, and others. These standards ensure that the characteristics and performance of products are consistent, that people use the same definitions and terms, and that products are tested the same way. ANSI also accredits organizations that carry out product or personnel certification in accordance with requirements defined in international standards. The organization's headquarters are in Washington, D.C. ANSI's operations office is located in New York City. The ANSI annual operating bud ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
David A
David (; , "beloved one") was a king of ancient Israel and Judah and the third king of the United Monarchy, according to the Hebrew Bible and Old Testament. The Tel Dan stele, an Aramaic-inscribed stone erected by a king of Aram-Damascus in the late 9th/early 8th centuries BCE to commemorate a victory over two enemy kings, contains the phrase (), which is translated as " House of David" by most scholars. The Mesha Stele, erected by King Mesha of Moab in the 9th century BCE, may also refer to the "House of David", although this is disputed. According to Jewish works such as the '' Seder Olam Rabbah'', '' Seder Olam Zutta'', and '' Sefer ha-Qabbalah'' (all written over a thousand years later), David ascended the throne as the king of Judah in 885 BCE. Apart from this, all that is known of David comes from biblical literature, the historicity of which has been extensively challenged,Writing and Rewriting the Story of Solomon in Ancient Israel; by Isaac Kalimi; page 3 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phillip Rogaway
Phillip Rogaway (also referred to as Phil Rogaway) is an American cryptographer and former professor of computer science at the University of California, Davis. He graduated from Beverly Hills High School, and later earned a BA in computer science from UC Berkeley and completed his PhD in cryptography at MIT, in the Theory of Computation group. He has taught at UC Davis since 1994. He was awarded the Paris Kanellakis Award in 2009 and the first Levchin Prize for Real World Cryptography in 2016. Rogaway received an NSF CAREER award in 1996, which the NSA had attempted to prevent by influencing the NSF. He has been interviewed in multiple media outlets regarding his stance on the ethical obligations that cryptographers and computer scientists have to serve to the public good, specifically in the areas of internet privacy and digital surveillance. Rogaway's papers cover topics including: * CMAC * Concrete security * DES and DES-X * Format-preserving encryption * OCB mode * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mihir Bellare
Mihir Bellare is a cryptographer and professor at the University of California San Diego. He holds a Bachelor of Science degree from the California Institute of Technology and a Ph.D. from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He has published several seminal papers in the field of cryptography (notably in the area of provable security), many of which were co-written with Phillip Rogaway. Bellare has published a number of papers in the field of Format-Preserving Encryption. His students include Michel Abdalla, Chanathip Namprempre, Tadayoshi Kohno and Anton Mityagin. Bellare is one of the authors of skein. In 2003 Bellare was a recipient of RSA Conference's Sixth Annual Award for outstanding contributions in the field of mathematics for his research in cryptography. In 2013 he became a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery. In 2019 he was awarded Levchin Prize for Real-World Cryptography for his outstanding contributions to the design and analysis of real-wor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
One-key MAC
One-key MAC (OMAC) is a family of message authentication codes constructed from a block cipher much like the CBC-MAC algorithm. It may be used to provide assurance of the authenticity and, hence, the integrity of data. Two versions are defined: * The original OMAC of February 2003, which is rarely used. The preferred name is now "OMAC2". * The OMAC1 refinement, which became an NIST recommendation in May 2005 under the name CMAC. OMAC is free for all uses: it is not covered by any patents. History The core of the CMAC algorithm is a variation of CBC-MAC that Black and Rogaway proposed and analyzed under the name "XCBC" and submitted to NIST. The XCBC algorithm efficiently addresses the security deficiencies of CBC-MAC, but requires three keys. Iwata and Kurosawa proposed an improvement of XCBC that requires less key material (just one key) and named the resulting algorithm ''One-Key CBC-MAC'' (OMAC) in their papers. They later submitted the OMAC1 (= CMAC), a refinement of OMAC ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CTR Mode
CTR may refer to: Engineering, science and technology * Counter mode (CTR mode), a cryptographic mode of operation for block ciphers * X-ray crystal truncation rod, a technique to measure properties of crystal surfaces * Current transfer ratio, in an opto-isolator device * Content Threat Removal, a cyber security technology that defeats content threats Government * Cooperative Threat Reduction, an initiative to secure and dismantle weapons of mass destruction in former Soviet Union states * Currency transaction report, a report about transactions that the Bank Secrecy Act requires U.S. financial institutions to file with the Internal Revenue Service Media, arts and entertainment * '' Contemporary Theatre Review'', a British academic journal of performing arts * '' Crash Team Racing'', Naughty Dog's 1999 video game for the Sony PlayStation ** ''Crash Team Racing Nitro-Fueled'', its 2019 remake Medicine * Cardiac resynchronization therapy * Cardio-thoracic ratio, a measure of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cryptographic Nonce
In cryptography, a nonce is an arbitrary number that can be used just once in a cryptographic communication. It is often a random or pseudo-random number issued in an authentication protocol to ensure that each communication session is unique, and therefore that old communications cannot be reused in replay attacks. Nonces can also be useful as initialization vectors and in cryptographic hash functions. Definition A nonce is an arbitrary number used only once in a cryptographic communication, in the spirit of a nonce word. They are often random or pseudo-random numbers. Many nonces also include a timestamp to ensure exact timeliness, though this requires clock synchronisation between organisations. The addition of a client nonce ("cnonce") helps to improve the security in some ways as implemented in digest access authentication. To ensure that a nonce is used only once, it should be time-variant (including a suitably fine-grained timestamp in its value), or generated w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
International Association For Cryptologic Research
The International Association for Cryptologic Research (IACR) is a non-profit scientific organization that furthers research in cryptology and related fields. The IACR was organized at the initiative of David Chaum at the CRYPTO '82 conference. Activities The IACR organizes and sponsors three annual flagship conferences, four area conferences in specific sub-areas of cryptography, and one symposium: * Crypto (flagship) * Eurocrypt (flagship) * Asiacrypt (flagship) * Fast Software Encryption (FSE) * Public Key Cryptography (PKC) * Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems (CHES) * Theory of Cryptography (TCC) * Real World Crypto Symposium (RWC) Several other conferences and workshops are held in cooperation with the IACR. Starting in 2015, selected summer schools will be officially sponsored by the IACR. CRYPTO '83 was the first conference officially sponsored by the IACR. The IACR publishes the '' Journal of Cryptology'', in addition to the proceedings of its conference and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
EAX Block Cipher Mode Of Operation
EAX may refer to: * EAX mode, a mode of operation for cryptographic block ciphers * EAX register, a 32-bit processor register of x86 CPUs * Environmental Audio Extensions, a number of digital signal processing presets for audio, found in Sound Blaster sound cards * GTD-5 EAX The GTD-5 EAX (General Telephone Digital Number 5 Electronic Automatic Exchange) is the Class 5 telephone switch developed by GTE Automatic Electric Laboratories. This digital central office telephone circuit switching system is used in the f ..., class 5 digital telephone switch typically used in former GTE service areas * National Weather Service Kansas City/Pleasant Hill, Missouri, a National Weather Service forecast office (WFO ID EAX) {{Disambiguation ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
