|
EASA Pilot Licensing
Aviation in the European Union and the European Free Trade Association is regulated by the European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA). EASA specifies common standards for the licensing of aircraft pilots. EASA does not issue licences, rather licences are issued by member states. However, because the same standards are used, EASA licences are recognised by all member states. Flight Crew Licensing is regulated by the document EU Part-FCL. Licences The most basic licence is the Light Aircraft Pilot Licence (LAPL). Separate licences are issued for aeroplanes, helicopters, sailplanes and balloons. This is not a standard ICAO licence. Private Pilot Licences are issued for aeroplanes (PPL(A)) and helicopters (PPL(H)). The SPL is issued for sailplanes (gliders) and the BPL for balloons. A Commercial Pilot Licence (CPL) allows a pilot to fly for remuneration, and to fly in commercial air transport operations as co-pilot, or pilot-in-command of single-pilot aircraft. An Airline Tran ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
European Union
The European Union (EU) is a supranational union, supranational political union, political and economic union of Member state of the European Union, member states that are Geography of the European Union, located primarily in Europe. The union has a total area of and an estimated population of over 449million as of 2024. The EU is often described as a ''sui generis'' political entity combining characteristics of both a federation and a confederation. Containing 5.5% of the world population in 2023, EU member states generated a nominal gross domestic product (GDP) of around €17.935 trillion in 2024, accounting for approximately one sixth of global economic output. Its cornerstone, the European Union Customs Union, Customs Union, paved the way to establishing European Single Market, an internal single market based on standardised European Union law, legal framework and legislation that applies in all member states in those matters, and only those matters, where the states ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Type Rating
A type rating is an authorization entered on or associated with a pilot license and forming part thereof, stating the pilot's privileges or limitations pertaining to certain aircraft type. Such qualification requires additional training beyond the scope of the initial license and aircraft class training. International Regulation The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) specifies the international personnel licensing requirements, as documented in Annex 1 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation. Which aircraft require a type rating is decided by each country's civil aviation authority, in accordance with specifications outlined by ICAO. ICAO stipulates that: * Type Ratings should be established for aircraft with minimum crew of at least two pilots or when considered necessary by the Licensing Authority * The applicant for a Type Rating must demonstrate the degree of skill required - including all normal flight procedures, emergency procedures, instr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Joint Aviation Authorities
The Joint Aviation Authorities (JAA) was an associated body of the European Civil Aviation Conference representing the civil aviation regulatory authorities of a number of European States who had agreed to co-operate in developing and implementing common safety regulatory standards and procedures. It was not a regulatory body, regulation being achieved through the member authorities. It was in existence from 1970 until disbanded in 2009. Its headquarters were located in Hoofddorp near Schiphol airport in Netherlands. JAA issued the Joint Aviation Requirements (JAR), intended to establish minimum requirements for air safety. In implementing the so-called FUJA Report, JAA entered into a new phase as of 1 January 2007. In this new phase the former "JAA" became "JAA T" (Transition). JAA T consisted of a Liaison Office (JAA LO) and a Training Office (JAA TO). The offices of JAA LO were located in the premises of the European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EA ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pilot Licensing And Certification
Pilot licensing or certification refers to permits for operating aircraft. Flight crew licences are issued by the civil aviation authority of each country, which must establish that the holder has met minimum knowledge and experience before issuing licences. The licence, along with the required class or type rating, allows a pilot to fly aircraft registered in the licence issuing state. Regulators The International Civil Aviation Organization's "Annex 1 – Personnel Licensing" acts as the international minimum standard for licensing. However, states can deviate from these standards by notifying ICAO about the changes. In the United States, pilot certification is regulated by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), a branch of the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT). A pilot is certified under the authority of Parts 61 and 141 of Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations, also known as the Federal Aviation Regulations (FARs). [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
UPRT
Upset Prevention and Recovery Training (UPRT) is a combination of theoretical and practical training given to aircraft pilots to enable the pilot to prevent, recognise and recover from unusual attitudes and unexpected situations. In EASA states, all pilots undergoing training for the CPL, ATPL and MPL (multi-crew pilot licence) are given a basic UPRT course. Advanced UPRT (AUPRT or commonly just UPRT) refers to a regulated course of at least 5 hours theoretical instruction and 3 hours practical instruction. Since December 2019, this course is mandatory for all pilots before their first type rating course in multi-pilot operations. While the AUPRT course may be undertaken in an aerobatic aircraft, aerobatic training does not replace a UPRT course. Class- or type-related UPRT addresses a particular class or type of aircraft. In EASA states, airlines must include upset prevention and recovery training as part of their recurrent training, covering the syllabus every three years. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Multi-crew Cooperation
Multi-crew cooperation (MCC) is a training course that allows aircraft pilots to fly multi-crew aircraft. It is a requirement before a pilot may undertake a multi-crew aircraft type rating. It is also required for the issuance of an airline transport pilot license (ATPL) or a multi-crew pilot license (MPL). In the European Union and the United Kingdom, MCC courses are regulated under Part-FCL 735. A longer course, the Airline Pilot Standards (APS MCC) course, is also available. This covers additional material including swept wing A swept wing is a wing angled either backward or occasionally forward from its root rather than perpendicular to the fuselage. Swept wings have been flown since the pioneer days of aviation. Wing sweep at high speeds was first investigated in Ge ... aircraft. References Aviation licenses and certifications {{aviation-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Instrument Meteorological Conditions
In aviation, instrument meteorological conditions (IMC) are weather conditions that require pilots to fly primarily by reference to flight instruments, and therefore under instrument flight rules (IFR), as opposed to flying by outside visual references under visual flight rules (VFR). Typically, this means flying in cloud or poor weather, where little or nothing can be seen or recognised when looking out of the window. Simulated IMC can be achieved for training purposes by wearing view-limiting devices, which restrict outside vision and force the trainee to rely on instrument indications only. Distinction from Visual Meteorological Conditions The weather conditions required for flight under VFR are known as visual meteorological conditions (VMC). The boundary criteria between VMC and IMC are known as ''VMC minima''. IMC and VMC are mutually exclusive. In fact, instrument meteorological conditions are defined as less than the minima specified for visual meteorological conditions ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Instrument Rating
Instrument rating refers to the qualifications that a pilot must have in order to fly under instrument flight rules (IFR). It requires specific training and instruction beyond what is required for a private pilot certificate or commercial pilot certificate, including rules and procedures specific to instrument flying, additional instruction in meteorology, and more intensive training in flight solely by reference to instruments. Training and testing Testing consists of a written exam and a practical test (also known as a check ride in the US, or a flight test in other countries). The check ride is divided into an oral component (certain countries only) to verify that the applicant understands the theory of instrument flying and an actual flight to ensure the pilot possesses the practical skills required for safe IFR flight . For most private pilots, the most significant value of flying under IFR is the ability to fly in instrument meteorological conditions (such as inside cloud ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Class Rating
Class, Classes, or The Class may refer to: Common uses not otherwise categorized * Class (biology), a taxonomic rank * Class (knowledge representation), a collection of individuals or objects * Class (philosophy), an analytical concept used differently from such group phenomena as "types" or "kinds" * Class (set theory), a collection of sets that can be unambiguously defined by a property that all its members share * Hazard class, a dangerous goods classification * Social class, the hierarchical arrangement of individuals in society, usually defined by wealth and occupation * Working class, can be defined by rank, income or collar Arts, entertainment, and media *The Class (song), "The Class" (song), 1959 Chubby Checker song *Character class in role-playing games and other genres *Class 95 (radio station), a Singaporean radio channel Films *Class (film), ''Class'' (film), 1983 American film *The Class (2007 film), ''The Class'' (2007 film), 2007 Estonian film *The Class (2008 f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Multi-crew Pilot Licence
A multi-crew pilot licence (MPL) is a pilot licence that permits an aircraft pilot to act as co-pilot of a multi-crew aircraft. History The MPL is specified by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). It was created in 2006 to provide an alternative means for ab-initio students to become commercial air transport (airline) pilots. Requirements were first included in the 10th edition of Annex 1 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation (Personnel Licensing), published in November 2006. The MPL is based on competency-based approach to training professional pilots. Previous training syllabi were task-based and hours-based. Calls in the 1990s for review of pilot training led to ICAO convening a Flight Crew Licensing and Training Panel (FCLTP) in 2001. This led to the MPL concept, which aims to take advantage of modern flight simulators and instructional systems design (ISD), and to provide training more appropriate to the highly automated environment of the mode ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
European Free Trade Association
The European Free Trade Association (EFTA) is a regional trade organization and free trade area consisting of four List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe, European states: Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland. The organization operates in parallel with the European Union (EU), and all four member states participate in the European single market and are part of the Schengen Area. They are not, however, party to the European Union Customs Union. EFTA was historically one of the two dominant western European trade blocs, but is now much smaller and closely associated with its historical competitor, the European Union. It was established on 3 May 1960 to serve as an alternative trade bloc for those European states that were unable or unwilling to join the then European Economic Community (EEC), the main predecessor of the EU. The Stockholm Convention (1960), to establish the EFTA, was signed on 4 January 1960 in the Swedish capital by seven countrie ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Airline
An airline is a company that provides civil aviation, air transport services for traveling passengers or freight (cargo). Airlines use aircraft to supply these services and may form partnerships or Airline alliance, alliances with other airlines for codeshare agreements, in which they both offer and operate the same flight. Generally, airline companies are recognized with an Air operator's certificate, air operating certificate or license issued by a governmental aviation body. Airlines may be scheduled or Air charter, charter operators. The List of airlines by foundation date, first airline was the German airship company DELAG, founded on November 16, 1909. The four oldest non-airship airlines that still exist are the Netherlands' KLM (1919), Colombia's Avianca (1919), Australia's Qantas (1920) and the Russian Aeroflot (1923). Airline ownership has seen a shift from mostly personal ownership until the 1930s to government-ownership of major airlines from the 1940s to 1980s and b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
