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Dear Enemy Recognition
The dear enemy effect or dear enemy recognition is an ethological phenomenon in which two neighbouring territorial animals become less aggressive toward one another once territorial borders are well established. As territory owners become accustomed to their neighbours, they expend less time and energy on defensive behaviors directed toward one another. However, aggression toward unfamiliar neighbours remains the same. Some authors have suggested the dear enemy effect is territory residents displaying lower levels of aggression toward familiar neighbours compared to unfamiliar individuals who are non-territorial "floaters".Bee, M.A., (2003). A test of the "dear enemy effect" in the strawberry dart-poison frog (''Dendrobates pumilio''). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 54: 601-610 The dear enemy effect has been observed in a wide range of animals including mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish and invertebrates. It can be modulated by factors such as the location of the fa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ethological
Ethology is a branch of zoology that studies the behavior, behaviour of non-human animals. It has its scientific roots in the work of Charles Darwin and of American and German ornithology, ornithologists of the late 19th and early 20th century, including Charles Otis Whitman, Charles O. Whitman, Oskar Heinroth, and Wallace Craig. The modern discipline of ethology is generally considered to have begun during the 1930s with the work of the Dutch biologist Nikolaas Tinbergen and the Austrian biologists Konrad Lorenz and Karl von Frisch, the three winners of the 1973 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Ethology combines laboratory and field science, with a strong relation to neuroanatomy, ecology, and evolutionary biology. Etymology The modern term ''ethology'' derives from the Greek language: wikt:ἦθος, ἦθος, ''ethos'' meaning "character" and , ''wikt:-logia, -logia'' meaning "the study of". The term was first popularized by the American entomologist William Mo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Passerine
A passerine () is any bird of the order Passeriformes (; from Latin 'sparrow' and '-shaped') which includes more than half of all bird species. Sometimes known as perching birds, passerines generally have an anisodactyl arrangement of their toes (three pointing forward and one back), which facilitates perching. With more than 140 families and some 6,500 identified species, Passeriformes is the largest order of birds and one of the most diverse clades of terrestrial vertebrates, representing 60% of birds.Ericson, P.G.P. et al. (2003Evolution, biogeography, and patterns of diversification in passerine birds ''J. Avian Biol'', 34:3–15.Selvatti, A.P. et al. (2015"A Paleogene origin for crown passerines and the diversification of the Oscines in the New World" ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution'', 88:1–15. Passerines are divided into three suborders: New Zealand wrens; Suboscines, primarily found in North and South America; and songbirds. Passerines originated in the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Damselfish
Damselfish are those fish within the subfamilies Abudefdufinae, Chrominae, Lepidozyginae, Pomacentrinae, and Stegastinae within the family Pomacentridae. Most species within this group are relatively small, although the four largest species ('' Hypsypops rubicundus'', '' Microspathodon bairdii'', '' M. dorsalis'' and '' Nexilosus latifrons'') can reach 30cm (12 in) in length. Most damselfish species exist only in marine environments, but a few inhabit brackish or fresh water. These fish are found globally in tropical, subtropical, and temperate waters. Habitat in tropical rocky or coral reefs, and many of those are kept as marine aquarium pets. Their diets include small crustaceans, plankton, and algae. However, a few live in fresh and brackish waters, such as the freshwater damselfish, or in warm subtropical climates, such as the large orange Garibaldi, which inhabits the coast of southern California and the Pacific Mexican coast. Foraging The domino damselfish ' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Convict Cichlid
The convict cichlid (''Amatitlania nigrofasciata'') is a fish species from the family (biology), family Cichlidae, native to Central America, also known as the zebra cichlid. Convict cichlids are popular aquarium fish and have also been the subject of numerous studies on fish behaviour. Taxonomy Albert C. L. G. Günther, Albert Günther originally described the species in 1867 after Frederick DuCane Godman and Osbert Salvin collected specimens in Central America. In 2007, the species was moved from the genus ''Archocentrus'' to a new genus, ''Amatitlania'', based on Juan Schmitter-Soto's study of ''Archocentus'' species. However, a 2008 study led by Oldřich Říčan proposed moving the species in ''Cryptoheros'' and ''Amatitlania'', including ''Amatitlania nigrofasciata'' into the genus ''Hypsophrys''. The convict cichlid, as traditionally defined, displays significant color variations across its range. Some of these regional variants are now considered different species. One o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cyprinodon
''Cyprinodon'' is a genus of pupfishes found in waters that range from Fresh water, fresh to hypersaline. The genus is primarily found in Mexico, the Caribbean Islands and southern United States (Arizona, California, Florida, Nevada, New Mexico, Oklahoma and Texas), but ''C. variegatus'' occurs as far north as Massachusetts and along the entire Gulf of Mexico coastline, and ''C. dearborni '' and ''C. variegatus'' are found in northern South America.Martin, C. H., and P. C. Wainwright (2013). ''Multiple Fitness Peaks on the Adaptive Landscape Drive Adaptive Radiation in the Wild.'' Science 339(6116): 208-211. Many species have tiny ranges and are highly threatened, in some cases already extinct. ''Cyprinodon'' are small; the largest reaches in length and most other species only reach about half that size. Evolution Based on phylogenetic evidence, ''Cyprinodon'' diverged from its closest relative, the recently extinct ''Catarina pupfish, Megupsilon'', during the Late Miocene, an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anomaloglossus Beebei
''Anomaloglossus beebei'' (common names: Beebe's rocket frog, golden rocket frog) is a species of frog in the family Aromobatidae. This frog is endemic to Guyana, specifically in the Kaieteur National Park. It mainly survives on the giant bromeliad called '' Brocchinia micrantha''. The phytotelmata of this bromeliad is the site of oviposition and tadpole rearing and are defended over time by the males. The females of this species are more brightly golden coloured whereas males are more of a dull tan with brown pigmentation. Males take care of offspring and are preferred due to the elongation of their calls. Description ''A. beebei'' has granular central skin, and moderate basal toe webbing. The male ''A. beebei'' has a snout-vent length maximum of 16.80 mm. This frog has a shorter finger I than finger II and dorsolateral stripes, which help differentiate them from other species. The golden rocket frog species exhibits a rare phenomenon of reverse sexual dichromatism, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Podarcis Hispanicus
''Podarcis hispanicus'', also known as Iberian wall lizard, is a small wall lizard species of the genus ''Podarcis''. It is found in the Iberian Peninsula, in northwestern Africa and in coastal districts in Languedoc-Roussillon in France. In Spanish, this lizard is commonly called ''lagartija Ibérica''. The Iberian wall lizard is very agile and can move rapidly across a rock face. Males are somewhat territorial. Females lay clutches of one to five oval eggs which hatch in about eight weeks. At birth, the juveniles have a snout-to-vent length of . The lifespan of this lizard is about four years. History and taxonomy ''Podarcis hispanicus'' was first described in Steindachner’s works in 1870 and are composed of multiple distinct lineages. Most research has been done on the Spanish Levant form of ''Podarcis hispanicus''. They are commonly found in the Baetic mountains and south of Rio Guadalquivir. The North African Podarcis hispanicus are now ranked as ''Padarcis vaucheri''. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Brown Anole
The brown anole (''Anolis sagrei''), also known Common name, commonly as the Cuban brown anole, Bahaman anole, or De la Sagra's anole, is a species of lizard in the Family (biology), family Dactyloidae. The species is native to Cuba, the Bahamas, Little Cayman, Cayman Brac, Jamaica, the Swan Islands, Honduras, Swan Islands, the Yucatán Peninsula, Belize and the Caribbean coast of Guatemala and Honduras. It has been widely introduced elsewhere, via the importation and exportation of plants where the anole would lay eggs in the soil of the pots, and is now found in Florida and other regions of the United States including southern Georgia (U.S. state), Georgia, Texas, Louisiana, Tennessee, Mississippi, Alabama, Hawaii, North Carolina, and Southern California. It has also been introduced to other Caribbean islands, Mexico, and Taiwan. This species is highly invasive. They are also much more wary of humans than most other Anole species. In its introduced range, it reaches exceptional ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Common Collared Lizard
The common collared lizard (''Crotaphytus collaris''), also Common name, commonly called eastern collared lizard,Robert C. Stebbins, Stebbins RC (2003). ''A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians, Third Edition''. The Peterson Field Guide Series ®. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin. xiii + 533 pp. . (''Crotaphytus collaris'', pp. 271-272 + Plate 27 + Map 85). Oklahoma collared lizard, mountain boomer, yellow-headed collared lizard, and collared lizard, is a North American species of lizard in the Family (biology), family Crotaphytidae. The common name "collared lizard" comes from the lizard's distinct coloration, which includes bands of black around the neck and shoulders that look like a collar. Males can be very colorful, with blue green bodies, yellow stripes on the tail and back, and yellow orange throats. There are five recognized subspecies. Etymology The Subspecies, subspecific name, ''baileyi'', is in honor of American mammalogist Vernon Orlando Bailey. S ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ctenophorus
''Ctenophorus'', from Ancient Greek κτείς (''kteís''), meaning "comb", and φόρος (''phóros''), meaning "bearing", is a genus of lizards, commonly known as comb-bearing dragons, found in Australia. They are in the dragon lizard family, known as Agamidae. Description The genus contains the most diverse group of dragon lizards in Australia. It is the largest group of Australian lizards and it has an extensive radiation in the arid zones. Many of the species of ''Ctenophorus'' have been grouped by a similar morphology. The informal names and groupings within this genus — rock dragon, sand dragon, crevice-dragon, ground dragon, and bicycle-dragon — are named after the mythological creature, the dragon. Lizards in the genus ''Ctenophorus'' may be confused with lizards in the genera '' Tympanocryptis'' and '' Diporiphora''. Swan G, Shea G, Sadlier R (2004) ''A Field Guide to Reptiles of New South Wales''. Sydney, New South Wales: Reed New Holland. . Species There ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anolis Sagrei Sagrei (displaying)
''Anolis'' is a genus of anoles (), iguanian lizards in the family Dactyloidae, native to the Americas. With more than 425 species, it represents the world's most species-rich amniote tetrapod genus, although many of these have been proposed to be moved to other genera, in which case only about 45 ''Anolis'' species remain. Previously, it was classified under the family Polychrotidae that contained all the anoles, as well as ''Polychrus'', but recent studies place it in the Dactyloidae. Taxonomy This very large genus displays considerable paraphyly, but phylogenetic analysis suggests a number of subgroups or clades. Whether these clades are best recognized as subgenera within ''Anolis'' or separate genera remains a matter of dispute. If the clades are recognized as full genera, about 45 species remain in ''Anolis'', with the remaining moved to ''Audantia'' (9 species), ''Chamaelinorops'' (7 species), ''Ctenonotus'' (more than 40 species), ''Dactyloa'' (''circa'' 95 species), ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
