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Dalá'il-i-Sab'ih
''Daláʼil-i-Sabʻih'' (, "Seven Proofs") is the name referring to a pair of short apologetic works by the Báb, written in his native Persian and second language Arabic. The latter is a shorter supporting version of the former, and the relationship between the two has been compared to that of '' Arabic Bayán'' and ''Persian Bayán''. Exact date of the book's composition has been subject to disagreements. However, internal evidence indicates that it was composed while the Báb was imprisoned in Maku, Iran, at the end of 1848. Content These texts present seven "proofs" supporting the Báb's mission, explores his claim to be the Qa'im, references various prophetic Hadiths Hadith is the Arabic word for a 'report' or an 'account f an event and refers to the Islamic oral tradition of anecdotes containing the purported words, actions, and the silent approvals of the Islamic prophet Muhammad or his immediate circle ..., and mentions several of the Báb's disciples by name. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Báb
The Báb (born ʻAlí-Muḥammad; ; ; 20 October 1819 – 9 July 1850) was an Iran Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI) and also known as Persia, is a country in West Asia. It borders Iraq to the west, Turkey, Azerbaijan, and Armenia to the northwest, the Caspian Sea to the north, Turkmenistan to the nort ...ian religious leader who founded Bábism, and is also one of the central figures of the Baháʼí Faith. The Báb gradually and progressively revealed his claim in his extensive writings to be a Manifestation of God (Baháʼí Faith), Manifestation of God, of a status as great as Moses, Jesus, and Muhammad, receiving revelations as profound as the Torah, Gospel, and Quran. This new revelation, he claimed, would release the creative energies and capacities necessary for the establishment of global unity and peace. He referred to himself by the traditional Muslim title "Báb" (meaning the gate) although it was apparent from the context that he intend ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Apologia
An apologia (Latin for ''apology'', from , ) is a formal defense of an opinion, position or action. The term's current use, often in the context of religion, theology and philosophy, derives from Justin Martyr's '' First Apology'' (AD 155–157) and was later employed by John Henry Newman's '' Apologia Pro Vita Sua'' ( English: ''A Defense of One's Own Life'') of 1864, which presented a formal defense of the history of his Christian life, leading to his acceptance by the Catholic Church in 1845. In Ancient Greece, an apologia was primarily used as a legal defense: The accuser would present a ''kategoria'', or accusation, and the defendant would present his ''apologia'', or defense. In modern usage, ''apologia'' describes a formal defense of an idea or belief, rather than against a legal charge. In both ancient and modern uses it different from an apology, or expression of regret. The main difference between the two is that the act of apologizing is meant to express regret, an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Persian Language
Persian ( ), also known by its endonym and exonym, endonym Farsi (, Fārsī ), is a Western Iranian languages, Western Iranian language belonging to the Iranian languages, Iranian branch of the Indo-Iranian languages, Indo-Iranian subdivision of the Indo-European languages. Persian is a pluricentric language predominantly spoken and used officially within Iran, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan in three mutual intelligibility, mutually intelligible standard language, standard varieties, respectively Iranian Persian (officially known as ''Persian''), Dari, Dari Persian (officially known as ''Dari'' since 1964), and Tajik language, Tajiki Persian (officially known as ''Tajik'' since 1999).Siddikzoda, S. "Tajik Language: Farsi or not Farsi?" in ''Media Insight Central Asia #27'', August 2002. It is also spoken natively in the Tajik variety by a significant population within Uzbekistan, as well as within other regions with a Persianate society, Persianate history in the cultural sphere o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arabic Language
Arabic (, , or , ) is a Central Semitic languages, Central Semitic language of the Afroasiatic languages, Afroasiatic language family spoken primarily in the Arab world. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) assigns language codes to 32 varieties of Arabic, including its standard form of Literary Arabic, known as Modern Standard Arabic, which is derived from Classical Arabic. This distinction exists primarily among Western linguists; Arabic speakers themselves generally do not distinguish between Modern Standard Arabic and Classical Arabic, but rather refer to both as ( "the eloquent Arabic") or simply ' (). Arabic is the List of languages by the number of countries in which they are recognized as an official language, third most widespread official language after English and French, one of six official languages of the United Nations, and the Sacred language, liturgical language of Islam. Arabic is widely taught in schools and universities around the wo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arabic Bayán
The ''Arabic Bayán'' () is an unfinished book in Arabic written by the Báb around 1848. It functions as a significant scripture in Bábism, asserting that it is a product of divine revelation and inspiration. Etymology and meaning The word ''Bayán'' literally means declaration or elucidation. In the context of Bábism, this term is used to refer to the writings of the Bāb in general, but usually is applied to two specific works, including ''Arabic Bayán''. Its larger sister book is in Persian, called the ''Persian Bayán''. History Exact date of the book's composition has been subject to disagreements. However, internal evidence indicates that it was composed while the Báb was imprisoned in Maku, Iran, at the end of 1848. At that time, the Báb's restrictions were not severe, and he was permitted to write and communicate with his followers. However, he did not manage to make the ''Arabic Bayán'' complete and it remained unfinished with his execution in 1850. Following ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Persian Bayán
The ''Persian Bayán'' ( - "expression") is one of the principal scriptural writings of the Báb, the founder of Bábism, written in Persian. The Báb also wrote a shorter book in Arabic, known as the '' Arabic Bayán''. Content The Persian Bayán was written near the end of 1847 or the beginning of 1848, while the Báb was imprisoned in Maku. The book contains elements of Bábí law, discussion of religious concepts, and the glorification of ''He whom God shall make manifest''. It was one of the Báb's first works in which he clearly states that he is the messianic figure of the Twelfth Imam and the Mahdi which the Shiʻas were expecting. Along with claiming this status, he also announced the abrogation of the Islamic dispensation, and uses the new Bábí law to abrogate Islamic law. More than just a book of law for the new religion, the whole book revolves around the praise of the Babi messianic figure '''He whom God shall make manifest, promising the coming of this major ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Maku, Iran
Maku () is a city in the Central District of Maku County, West Azerbaijan province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district. Maku is from the Turkish border in a mountain gorge at an altitude of 1,634 metres. The Zangmar River cuts through the city. The Maku Free Trade and Industrial Zone, which opened in 2011, is Iran's largest and the world's second largest free trade zone, encompassing an area of 5,000 square kilometres. History Maku was a region of the old Armenia –800, previously known as Artaz according to Aziz Atiya's ''History of Eastern Christianity''. The Castle of Maku, original Shavarshan, was the center of the domains of the princely Armenian family of Amatuni. The Artazian branch of Amatuni family ruled the Maku region of Artaz still in the XVth century and successfully defended it against Timurleng, when he besieged the castle of Maku. Maku was the capital of a Kangarli Khanate, one of numerous small, semi-independent Maku K ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Qa'im Al Muhammad
In Shia Islam, Qāʾim Āl Muḥammad () is an epithet for the Mahdi, the eschatological figure in Islam who is widely believed to restore the religion and justice in the end of time. The term was used as early as the eighth century to refer to a future member of the family of the Islamic prophet Muḥammad who would rise against tyranny in the end of time and restore justice. This term was already common by the end of the Umayyad caliphate and largely replaced the term Mahdi in Shia literature. The term was often qualified as al-Qa'im bi 'l-sayf () or al-Qa'im bi-amr Allah (). Twelver Shia Twelver eschatology is dominated by the figure of the twelfth Imam, Muhammad al-Mahdi, the son of the eleventh Imam. The twelfth Imam is also known by the titles al-Mahdi (), al-Qa'im (), and Saheb al-Zaman (). It is believed that he was born around 868, and has been concealed by God from the humanity after the death of his father in 874, who was possibly poisoned by the Abbasids. During the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hadiths
Hadith is the Arabic word for a 'report' or an 'account f an event and refers to the Islamic oral tradition of anecdotes containing the purported words, actions, and the silent approvals of the Islamic prophet Muhammad or his immediate circle ( companions in Sunni Islam, Ahl al-Bayt in Shiite Islam). Each hadith is associated with a chain of narrators ()—a lineage of people who reportedly heard and repeated the hadith from which the source of the hadith can be traced. The authentication of hadith became a significant discipline, focusing on the ''isnad'' (chain of narrators) and ''matn'' (main text of the report). This process aimed to address contradictions and questionable statements within certain narrations. Beginning one or two centuries after Muhammad's death, Islamic scholars, known as muhaddiths, compiled hadith into distinct collections that survive in the historical works of writers from the second and third centuries of the Muslim era ( 700−1000 CE). For ma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Letters Of The Living
The Letters of the Living () was a title provided by the Báb to the first eighteen disciples of the Bábí Religion. In some understandings the Báb places himself at the head of this list (as the first letter). In this article, the former notation will be used except when specifically said otherwise. Mystical meaning The Báb named the first eighteen believers in his mission as the ''Letters of the Living'' (''Ḥurúfu'l-ḥayy'' in Arabic). One of the Báb's titles was the "Primal Point" (''nuqti-yi-úlá''). As Baháʼí scholar Moojan Momen explains: The Eighteen 'Letters of the Living' manifested themselves in the last, i.e. the Muhammadan Manifestation in the persons of the Fourteen Holy Souls (i.e. the Prophet himself, his daughter Fatima, and the Twelve Imams of whom the first, 'Ali, was her husband, and the remainder of her descendants) and the Four Gates (or Bábs) who successively acted as channels of communication between the Twelfth Imam, or Imam Mahdi, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
19th-century Arabic-language Books
The 19th century began on 1 January 1801 (represented by the Roman numerals MDCCCI), and ended on 31 December 1900 (MCM). It was the 9th century of the 2nd millennium. It was characterized by vast social upheaval. Slavery was Abolitionism, abolished in much of Europe and the Americas. The First Industrial Revolution, though it began in the late 18th century, expanded beyond its British homeland for the first time during the 19th century, particularly remaking the economies and societies of the Low Countries, France, the Rhineland, Northern Italy, and the Northeastern United States. A few decades later, the Second Industrial Revolution led to ever more massive urbanization and much higher levels of productivity, profit, and prosperity, a pattern that continued into the 20th century. The Catholic Church, in response to the growing influence and power of modernism, secularism and materialism, formed the First Vatican Council in the late 19th century to deal with such problems an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
