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Christianization Of The Sámi People
The Christianization of the Sámi people in Norway and Sweden–Finland took place in stages during a several centuries long process. The Sámi were Christianized in a similar way in both Norway and Sweden–Finland. Background - Christianity presence There were Christian missionaries in Sápmi already during the Roman Catholic middle ages, and Christianity co-existed with traditional Sámi shamanism. In 1389, the Sami Margareta (missionary) travelled south to request Christian missionaries. It was however not until the 17th-century, when the kingdoms of Denmark-Norway and Sweden started to colonize Sápmi, that Christianity truly made its presence known. Christianization by coercion Denmark-Norway In the Kingdoms of Denmark-Norway, the Sami religion was banned on death penalty as witchcraft. During the 17th-century, the persecution of the followers of Sami religion were more intensely persecuted than before by Christian missionaries, and several Sami were persecuted fo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shaman
Shamanism is a religious practice that involves a practitioner (shaman) interacting with what they believe to be a spirit world through altered states of consciousness, such as trance. The goal of this is usually to direct spirits or spiritual energies into the physical world for the purpose of healing, divination, or to aid human beings in some other way. Beliefs and practices categorized as "shamanic" have attracted the interest of scholars from a variety of disciplines, including anthropologists, archeologists, historians, religious studies scholars, philosophers and psychologists. Hundreds of books and academic papers on the subject have been produced, with a peer-reviewed academic journal being devoted to the study of shamanism. In the 20th century, non- Indigenous Westerners involved in countercultural movements, such as hippies and the New Age created modern magicoreligious practices influenced by their ideas of various Indigenous religions, creating what has b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Finnmarken
''Finnmarken'' is a local newspaper published in Vadsø, Norway. It covers eastern Finnmark. It was established in 1899 by Adam Egede-Nissen and others. In 1942 ''Finnmarken'' was taken over by the national socialist occupant regime. They incorporated it into '' Finnmark Folkeblad'' in 1944. In 1945, after the occupation, this was reversed; however, both '' Folkets Frihet'' and '' Vadsø Arbeiderblad'' were absorbed into ''Finnmarken''. It has a circulation of 7,147, of whom 6,302 are subscribers. ''Finnmarken (newspaper)'' is owned by ''A-pressen Lokale Medier AS'', which in turn is owned 100% by A-pressen Amedia AS is the second largest media company in Norway (the largest is Schibsted and the third largest is Polaris Media). The company is whole or partial owner of 50 local and regional newspaper with online newspapers and printing presses, a .... The editor is Karoline Almås Sørensen. ReferencesNorwegian Media Registry External linksWebsite Newspapers establish ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
17th Century In Norway
17 (seventeen) is the natural number following 16 and preceding 18. It is a prime number. Seventeen is the sum of the first four prime numbers. In mathematics 17 is the seventh prime number, which makes seventeen the fourth super-prime, as seven is itself prime. The next prime is 19, with which it forms a twin prime. It is a cousin prime with 13 and a sexy prime with 11 and 23. It is an emirp, and more specifically a permutable prime with 71, both of which are also supersingular primes. Seventeen is the sixth Mersenne prime exponent, yielding 131,071. Seventeen is the only prime number which is the sum of four consecutive primes: 2, 3, 5, 7. Any other four consecutive primes summed would always produce an even number, thereby divisible by 2 and so not prime. Seventeen can be written in the form x^y + y^x and x^y - y^x, and, as such, it is a Leyland prime and Leyland prime of the second kind: :17=2^+3^=3^-4^. 17 is one of seven lucky numbers of Euler which produ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
18th Century In Sweden
18 (eighteen) is the natural number following 17 and preceding 19. In mathematics * Eighteen is a composite number, its divisors being 1, 2, 3, 6 and 9. Three of these divisors (3, 6 and 9) add up to 18, hence 18 is a semiperfect number. Eighteen is the first inverted square-prime of the form ''p''·''q''2. * In base ten, it is a Harshad number. * It is an abundant number, as the sum of its proper divisors is greater than itself (1+2+3+6+9 = 21). It is known to be a solitary number, despite not being coprime to this sum. * It is the number of one-sided pentominoes. * It is the only number where the sum of its written digits in base 10 (1+8 = 9) is equal to half of itself (18/2 = 9). * It is a Fine number. In science Chemistry * Eighteen is the atomic number of argon. * Group 18 of the periodic table is called the noble gases. * The 18-electron rule is a rule of thumb in transition metal chemistry for characterising and predicting the stability of metal complexes. In ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
17th Century In Sweden
17 (seventeen) is the natural number following 16 and preceding 18. It is a prime number. Seventeen is the sum of the first four prime numbers. In mathematics 17 is the seventh prime number, which makes seventeen the fourth super-prime, as seven is itself prime. The next prime is 19, with which it forms a twin prime. It is a cousin prime with 13 and a sexy prime with 11 and 23. It is an emirp, and more specifically a permutable prime with 71, both of which are also supersingular primes. Seventeen is the sixth Mersenne prime exponent, yielding 131,071. Seventeen is the only prime number which is the sum of four consecutive primes: 2, 3, 5, 7. Any other four consecutive primes summed would always produce an even number, thereby divisible by 2 and so not prime. Seventeen can be written in the form x^y + y^x and x^y - y^x, and, as such, it is a Leyland prime and Leyland prime of the second kind: :17=2^+3^=3^-4^. 17 is one of seven lucky numbers of Euler which prod ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Persecution Of Sámi People
Persecution is the systematic mistreatment of an individual or group by another individual or group. The most common forms are religious persecution, racism, and political persecution, though there is naturally some overlap between these terms. The inflicting of suffering, harassment, imprisonment, internment, fear or pain are all factors that may establish persecution, but not all suffering will necessarily establish persecution. The threshold of severity has been a source of much debate. International law As part of the Nuremberg Principles, crimes against humanity are part of international law. Principle VI of the Nuremberg Principles states that Telford Taylor, who was Counsel for the Prosecution at the Nuremberg Trials wrote " tthe Nuremberg war crimes trials, the tribunals rebuffed several efforts by the prosecution to bring such 'domestic' atrocities within the scope of international law as 'crimes against humanity". Several subsequent international treaties i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sámi History
The Sámi people (also Saami) are an Indigenous people of northern Europe inhabiting Sápmi, which today encompasses northern parts of Sweden, Norway, Finland, and the Kola Peninsula of Russia. The traditional Sámi lifestyle, dominated by hunting, fishing and trading, was preserved until the Late Middle Ages, when the modern structures of the Nordic countries were established. The Sámi have co-existed with their neighbors for centuries, but for the last two hundred years, especially during the second half of the 20th century, there have been many dramatic changes in Sámi culture, politics, economics and their relations with their neighboring societies. During the late 20th century, conflicts broke out over the use of natural resources, the reaction to which created a reawakening and defense of Sámi culture in recent years. Of the eleven different historically attested Sámi languages (traditionally known as "dialects"), only nine have survived to the present day but with mos ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Persecution Of Pagans
Persecution of Heathens can refer to: *Christianization Christianization ( or Christianisation) is to make Christian; to imbue with Christian principles; to become Christian. It can apply to the conversion of an individual, a practice, a place or a whole society. It began in the Roman Empire, conti ... ** Decline of Hellenistic polytheism ** Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire ** Persecution of Germanic Pagans (other) * Religious discrimination against Neopagans *contemporary traditional religions ** Persecution of African traditional religions ** Kalash people#History {{disambig Persecution of Pagans ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Christianization Of Europe
Christianization ( or Christianisation) is to make Christian; to imbue with Christian principles; to become Christian. It can apply to the conversion of an individual, a practice, a place or a whole society. It began in the Roman Empire, continued through the Middle Ages in Europe, and in the twenty-first century has spread around the globe. Historically, there are four stages of Christianization beginning with individual conversion, followed by the translation of Christian texts into local vernacular language, establishing education and building schools, and finally, social reform that sometimes emerged naturally and sometimes included politics, government, coercion and even force through colonialism. The first countries to make Christianity their state religion were Armenia, Georgia, Ethiopia and Eritrea. In the fourth to fifth centuries, multiple tribes of Germanic barbarians converted to either Arian or orthodox Christianity. The Frankish empire begins during this same per ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arjeplog Blasphemy Trial Of 1687
The Arjeplog blasphemy trial of 1687 took place in Arjeplog in 1687 against two Sami, Erik Eskilsson and Amund Thorsson, who were put on trial accused of blasphemy for being followers of the Sam shamanism during the Swedish Christianization of the Sámi people in the late 17th century. Their case was a notable one and is often referred to in Sami history. During this period, the Sami people generally kept two religions in parallel; they attended church regularly, but still maintained the Sami religion at home. Erik Eskilsson, as well as Thorsson, belonged to the more wealthy of the Sami in Norrbotten and thereby felt secure to maintain their religion due to the taxes they could afford to give to the crown. During a Christian sermon, where the vicar preached against the Sami religion, Eskilsson and Thorsson commented that they found the hostility against the Sami religion strange, and that they would obviously not abandon the faith of their ancestors. Afterward, the vicar visited the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sampo Lappelill
''Sampo Lappelill. En saga från Lappland.'' (''Sampo the Little Lapp Boy. A Tale from Lappland'') is a fairy tale by Finnish writer Zachris Topelius about an adventurous Sámi boy who defies the Mountain King creature. "Lapp" is the historical term for a Sámi person and Lapland is a historical Northern Scandinavian region, the traditional land of Sami people. Although a Finn, Topelius wrote in Swedish language. The tale was first published in , Helsingfors, 1860, no. 4. It was included into the ''Reading Book for the Primary School'' (''Läsebok för folkskolan'') in Sweden. Plot and analysis The tale follows the Scandinavian literary tradition in which the mysterious, harsh Arctic wilderness, Lapland in particular, is a place of special magic. It poetizes the efforts to Christianize Lapland. In the story, Sampo visits Mount Rastekais, where Hiisi the Mountain King gathered all animals and trolls and goblins to celebrate the return of the Sun (after the polar night). Howev ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rijkuo-Maja
Rijkuo-Maja or Rika Maja (Sami or Swedish for "Rich Maja"; 1661–1757) was a Sámi noaidi from Mausjaur. She was known for her influence and wealth in the contemporary Sámi community and became a famous figure of the Sámi history and the subject of several legends. Life Rika Maja was from Mausjaur south of Arvidsjaur, and belonged to the forest sami of Arvidjsaur. She was married to Nils Hindersson (died before 1730) and had a daughter. She was the owner of over 3000 reindeers. She was famed for her great wealth in the contemporary Sámi community, and known by her sobriquet ''Rika Maja'' ('Rich Maja'). The surrounding Sámis were referred to as her vassals, and at the annual great winter market day, the Swedish merchants of Piteå was forced to ask for her permission to conduct trade with the Sámi people. Rika Maja practiced Christianity in parallel with Sami shamanism, which were normal among the Sami people at this time period during the ongoing Christianization of the S ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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