Zener Works Games
Zener can refer to: *Zener diode, a type of electronic diode *Zener effect, a type of electrical breakdown which is employed in a Zener diode * Zener pinning, the influence of a dispersion of fine particles on the movement of low- and high angle grain boundaries through a polycrystalline material *Clarence Zener, the American physicist after whom the diode, effect, and pinning are named * Karl Zener, the American psychologist after whom the cards are named **Zener cards Zener cards are cards used to conduct experiments for extrasensory perception (ESP). Perceptual psychologist Karl Zener (1903–1964) designed the cards in the early 1930s for experiments conducted with his colleague, parapsychologist J. B. ...

Zener Diode
A Zener diode is a type of diode designed to exploit the Zener effect to affect electric current to flow against the normal direction from anode to cathode, when the voltage across its terminals exceeds a certain characteristic threshold, the ''Zener voltage''. Zener diodes are manufactured with a variety of Zener voltages, including variable devices. Some types have an abrupt, heavily doped p–n junction with a low Zener voltage, in which case the reverse conduction occurs due to electron quantum tunnelling in the short distance between p and n regions. Diodes with a higher Zener voltage have more lightly doped junctions, causing their mode of operation to involve avalanche breakdown. Both breakdown types are present in Zener diodes with the Zener effect predominating at lower voltages and avalanche breakdown at higher voltages. Zener diodes are used to generate low-power stabilized supply rails from higher voltages and to provide reference voltages for circuits, especially sta ...
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Zener Effect
In electronics, the Zener effect (employed most notably in the appropriately named Zener diode) is a type of electrical breakdown, discovered by Clarence Zener, Clarence Melvin Zener. It occurs in a p-n junction#Reverse bias, reverse biased p-n diode when the electric field enables Quantum tunnelling, tunneling of electrons from the valence to the conduction band of a semiconductor, leading to numerous free Charge carriers in semiconductors, minority carriers which suddenly increase the reverse Electric current, current. Mechanism Under a high reverse-bias voltage, the p-n junction's depletion region widens which leads to a high-strength electric field across the junction."Zener and Avalanche Breakdown/Diodes"
School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University
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Zener Pinning
Zener pinning is the influence of a dispersion of fine particles on the movement of low- and high-angle grain boundaries through a polycrystalline material. Small particles act to prevent the motion of such boundaries by exerting a pinning pressure which counteracts the driving force pushing the boundaries. Zener pinning is very important in materials processing as it has a strong influence on recovery, recrystallization and grain growth. Origin of the pinning force A boundary is an imperfection in the crystal structure and as such is associated with a certain quantity of energy. When a boundary passes through an incoherent particle then the portion of boundary that would be inside the particle essentially ceases to exist. In order to move past the particle some new boundary must be created, and this is energetically unfavourable. While the region of boundary near the particle is pinned, the rest of the boundary continues trying to move forward under its own driving force. This r ...
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Clarence Zener
Clarence Melvin Zener ( ; December 1, 1905 – July 2, 1993) was an American physicist who in 1934 was the first to describe the property concerning the breakdown of electrical insulators. These findings were later exploited by Bell Labs in the development of the Zener diode, which was duly named after him. Zener was also a theoretical physicist with a background in mathematics who conducted research in a wide range of subjects including: superconductivity, metallurgy, ferromagnetism, elasticity (physics), elasticity, fracture mechanics, diffusion, and geometric programming. Life Zener was born in Indianapolis, Indiana, the son of German-descent Clarence and Ida Zener, and brother of Katharine Zener (later Katharine Hurmiston) and psychologist Karl Zener, and earned his PhD in physics under Edwin C. Kemble at the Harvard Kenneth C. Griffin Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences in 1929. His thesis was titled ''Quantum Mechanics of ...
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Karl Zener
Karl Edward Zener (April 22, 1903 – September 27, 1964) was a perceptual psychologist best known for his affiliation with Dr. Joseph Banks Rhine and their work in the field of extra-sensory perception (ESP). Biography Zener was born in Indianapolis, Indiana the son of German-descent Clarence and Ida Zener, and brother of Katherine (later Mrs. Katherine Humiston) and Clarence (later Dr. Clarence Zener). He received a Ph.B. from the University of Chicago in 1923, followed by M.A. and Ph.D. degrees in psychology from Harvard University in 1924 and 1926. His doctoral thesis was on the psychology of music. He then went on to spend a year as a United States National Research Council Fellow at the University of Berlin before returning to the U.S. After a year of teaching psychology at Princeton University, Zener took up what was to be a lifelong post with Duke University, in Durham, North Carolina. The main thrust of Zener's work over the next ten years concerned conditioned r ...
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