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Tibeto-Burman Languages
The Tibeto-Burman languages are the non- Sinitic members of the Sino-Tibetan language family, over 400 of which are spoken throughout the Southeast Asian Massif ("Zomia") as well as parts of East Asia and South Asia. Around 60 million people speak Tibeto-Burman languages. The name derives from the most widely spoken of these languages, Burmese and the Tibetic languages, which also have extensive literary traditions, dating from the 12th and 7th centuries respectively. Most of the other languages are spoken by much smaller communities, and many of them have not been described in detail. Though the division of Sino-Tibetan into Sinitic and Tibeto-Burman branches (e.g. Benedict, Matisoff) is widely used, some historical linguists criticize this classification, as the non-Sinitic Sino-Tibetan languages lack any shared innovations in phonology or morphology to show that they comprise a clade of the phylogenetic tree. History During the 18th century, several scholars noticed paral ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Southeast Asia
Southeast Asia is the geographical United Nations geoscheme for Asia#South-eastern Asia, southeastern region of Asia, consisting of the regions that are situated south of China, east of the Indian subcontinent, and northwest of the Mainland Australia, Australian mainland, which is part of Oceania. Southeast Asia is bordered to the north by East Asia, to the west by South Asia and the Bay of Bengal, to the east by Oceania and the Pacific Ocean, and to the south by Australia (continent), Australia and the Indian Ocean. Apart from the British Indian Ocean Territory and two out of Atolls of the Maldives, 26 atolls of the Maldives in South Asia, Maritime Southeast Asia is the only other subregion of Asia that lies partly within the Southern Hemisphere. Mainland Southeast Asia is entirely in the Northern Hemisphere. Timor-Leste and the southern portion of Indonesia are the parts of Southeast Asia that lie south of the equator. The region lies near the intersection of Plate tectonics, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Central Tibeto-Burman Languages
Central Tibeto-Burman or Central Trans-Himalayan is a proposed branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family proposed by Scott DeLancey (2015) on the basis of shared morphological evidence. DeLancey (2018)DeLancey, Scott (2018). ''Internal and external history of the Central branch of Tibeto-Burman/Trans-Himalayan''. Paper presented at the 28th Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society, held May 17-19, 2018 in Kaohsiung, Taiwan. considers Central Tibeto-Burman to be a linkage rather than a branch with a clearly nested internal structure. DeLancey's Central Tibeto-Burman group includes many languages in Matisoff's (2015: 1123–1127)Matisoff, James A. 2015''The Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus'' Berkeley: University of California.PDF proposed Northeast Indian areal group, which includes Tani, Deng (Digaro), “ Kuki-Chin–Naga”, Meitei, Mikir, Mru, and Sal. Languages DeLancey considers there to be strong morphological evidence for the f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Burmo-Qiangic Languages
The Burmo-Qiangic or Eastern Tibeto-Burman languages are a proposed family of Sino-Tibetan languages spoken in Southwest China and Myanmar. It consists of the Lolo-Burmese and Qiangic branches, including the extinct Tangut language. Classification Guillaume Jacques & Alexis Michaud (2011)Jacques, Guillaume, and Alexis Michaud. 2011.Approaching the historical phonology of three highly eroded Sino-Tibetan languages" ''Diachronica'' 28:468–498. argue for a Burmo-Qiangic branch of Sino-Tibetan (Tibeto-Burman) with two primary subbranches, Qiangic and Lolo-Burmese. Similarly, David Bradley (2008) proposes an Eastern Tibeto-Burman branch that includes Burmic ( Lolo-Burmese) and Qiangic. Bradley notes that Lolo-Burmese and Qiangic share some unique lexical items, even though they are morphologically quite different; whereas all Lolo-Burmese languages are tonal and analytical, Qiangic languages are often non-tonal and possess agglutinative morphology. However the position of Naic is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Miju Languages
The Miju (Midžu, Miju, Mijhu), Kaman–Meyor, Midžuish, Southern Mishmi, or Geman languages are a small proposed family of Sino-Tibetan languages spoken by the Kaman (Miju Mishmi) people of southeastern Tibet and Arunachal Pradesh. The languages are Kaman (Midzu/Miju) and Zakhring (Meyor). Although Zakhring appears to be Sino-Tibetan, Kaman may be more divergent. Blench and Post (2011) believe that Zakhring is an East Bodish language that has been influenced by Midzu or other divergent languages of the region, whereas Kaman may be a language isolate. Blench (2015) suggests that Meyor (Zakhring) and Kman may each be language isolates.Blench, Roger. 2015The classification of Meyor (Zakhring) m.s. Blench argues that the lexical similarities between Kaman and Zakhring are borrowings, and that Zakhring had borrowed heavily from Kaman and Tibetic, and then later borrowed from Naga languages and Jingpho as well. Regardless, they are not closely related to the Northern Mishmi als ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mruic Languages
Mruic or Mru–Hkongso is a small group of Sino-Tibetan languages consisting of two languages, Mru and Anu-Hkongso. Their relationship within Sino-Tibetan is unclear. Peterson & Wright (2009)Peterson, David A. and Jonathan Wright. 2009. ''Mru-Hkongso: a new Tibeto-Burman grouping''. Paper presented at The 42nd International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics (ICSTLL 42), Chiang Mai. proposed the name ''Mru–Hkongso''. DeLancey (2021) also uses the name ''Mru–Hkongso''. Classification Matisoff (2015)Matisoff, James A. 2015''The Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus'' Berkeley: University of California.PDF classifies Mru as part of the Northeast Indian areal group, a linkage that includes Tani, Deng (Digaro), " Kuki-Chin–Naga", Meithei, Mikir, and Sal. On the other hand, Bradley (1997) classifies Mru as part of Lolo-Burmese, based on Löffler's (1966) observations that Mru shares many phonological and lexical resemblances with Lolo- ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Karbi Language
The Karbi language () is a Tibeto-Burman language spoken by the Karbi (also known as Mikir or Arlêng) people of Northeastern India. It is also called Hills Karbi to differentiate it from Plains Karbi (Amri Karbi) which is variously treated as a variety of Karbi or its own language. It belongs to the Sino-Tibetan language family, but its position is unclear. Grierson (1903) classified it under Naga languages, Shafer (1974) and Bradley (1997) classify the Mikir languages as an aberrant Kuki-Chin branch, but Thurgood (2003) leaves them unclassified within Sino-Tibetan. Blench and Post (2013) classify it as one of the most basal languages of the entire family. History Originally, there was no written form of the language, and like most languages of Northeast India, Karbi writing system is based on Roman script, occasionally in Assamese script. The earliest written texts in Karbi were produced by Christian missionaries, in Roman script, especially by the American Baptist Missio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kuki-Chin-Mizo Languages
The Kuki-Chin languages (also called Kukish or South-Central Tibeto-Burman languages) are a branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family spoken in northeastern India, western Myanmar and southeastern Bangladesh. Most notable Kuki-Chin-speaking ethnic groups are referred to collectively as the Zo people which includes the Mizo, Kuki, Chin and Zomi people. Kuki-Chin is alternatively called ''South-Central'' Trans-Himalayan (or ''South Central'' Tibeto-Burman) by Konnerth (2018), because of negative connotations of the term "Kuki-Chin" for many speakers of languages in this group. Kuki-Chin is sometimes placed under Kuki-Chin–Naga, a geographical rather than linguistic grouping. Geographical distribution * Northwestern ("Old Kuki"): Chandel district of Manipur, India; Tamu Township of Sagaing Region, Myanmar. * Northeastern ("Kuki-Zo"): Chandel district, Churachandpur district, Kangpokpi district, Noney district, Tamenglong district, and Tengnoupal districts of Manipu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zeme Languages
The Zemeic, Zeme, Zeliangrong or Western NagaMortensen, David R. (2003). �Comparative Tangkhul” Unpublished Qualifying Paper, UC Berkeley. are a languages branch of Sino-Tibetan languages spoken mostly in Indian state of Nagaland, Assam and Manipur in northeast India. It may have close relationship with other Naga languages The Naga languages are a geographic and ethnic grouping of Tibeto-Burman, spoken mostly by Naga peoples. Konyak languages, Northern Naga languages do not fall within the group, in spite of being spoken by Naga groups; instead, these form part ... pending further research. The corresponding ethnic group is the Zeliangrong people. There were 63,529 Zeliang-speaking people in India in 2011. ''Ethnologue'' gives the name ''Western Naga'' for the Zeme languages. Languages The Zemeic languages are: * Zeme * Liangmai * Rongmei * Mzieme (Northern Zeme) * Puiron * Khoirao (Thangal) * Maram The Zeme and Rongmei language clusters are close enough to sometime ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tangkhulic Languages
The Tangkhulic and Tangkhul languages are a group of Sino-Tibetan languages spoken mostly in northeastern Manipur, India. Conventionally classified as "Naga," they are not clearly related to other Naga languages, and (with Maringic) are conservatively classified as an independent Tangkhul–Maring branch of Tibeto-Burman, pending further research. The Maringic languages appear to be closely related to the Tangkhulic family, but not part of it. Languages Tangkhulic languages include: * Tangkhul (Indian Tangkhul) * Somra (Burmese Tangkhul) * Akyaung Ari * Kachai * Huishu * Tusom * Suansu * Challow * Kongai The Tangkhulic languages are not particularly close to each other. Suansu, Challow, and Kongai were only documented starting from 2019. Brown's "Southern Tangkhul" ( Southern Luhupa?) is a Kuki-Chin rather than Tangkhulic language. It has strong links with the recently discovered Sorbung language, which is also not Tangkhulic despite being spoken by ethnic Tangkhul. some ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Meitei Language
Meitei (; ) also known as Manipuri ), is a Tibeto-Burman language of northeast India. It is the official language and the lingua franca of Manipur and an additional official language in four districts of Assam. It is one of the scheduled languages of India, constitutionally scheduled official languages of the Indian Republic. Meitei is the most widely-spoken Tibeto-Burman languages, Tibeto-Burman language of India and the third most widely spoken language of northeast India after Assamese language, Assamese and Bengali language, Bengali. There are million States of India by Meitei speakers, Meitei native speakers in India according to the 2011 census, million of whom are found in the state of Manipur, where they represent the majority of its population. There are smaller communities in neighbouring Indian states, such as #Assam, Assam (), #Tripura, Tripura (), #Nagaland, Nagaland (), and elsewhere in the country (). The language is also spoken by smaller groups ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Angami–Pochuri Languages
The Angami–Pochuri languages are a small family of Sino-Tibetan languages spoken in southern Nagaland and Northern Manipur of northeast India. Conventionally classified as "Naga", they are not clearly related to other Naga languages, and are conservatively classified as an independent branch of Sino-Tibetan, pending further research. Languages *Angami–Pochuri **Angami languages *** Angami *** Chokri (Chokri Chakhesang) *** Kuzhami *** Sopvoma (Mao) ***Poula Poula is an Angami-Pochuri language that is predominantly spoken by the Poumai Naga people in Senapati district in Manipur and Phek district in Nagaland, India. The language of Chingjaroi is also closely related to Poula but is distinct. A ... (Poumai) **Pochuri languages *** Pochuri *** Ntenyi (Northern Rengma) *** Rengma *** Sümi (Sema) Rengma–Simi might form a third branch according to Burling (2003). References * George van Driem (2001) ''Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ao Languages
The Ao or Central Naga languages are a small family of Sino-Tibetan languages spoken by various Naga peoples of Nagaland in northeast India India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, seventh-largest country by area; the List of countries by population (United Nations), most populous country since .... Conventionally classified as "Naga", they are not clearly related to other Naga languages, and are conservatively classified as an independent branch of Sino-Tibetan, pending further research. There are around 607,000 speakers of the languages in total. Coupe (2012) considers the Angami–Pochuri languages to be most closely related to Ao as part of a wider ''Angami–Ao'' group. Languages The following languages are widely accepted as Central Naga languages: * Ao language ** Chungli Ao ** Mongsen Ao * Sangtam ('Thukumi') * Yimkhiungrü ('Yachumi') * Lotha (Lhota) There are also var ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
