|
Structural System
The term structural system or structural frame in structural engineering refers to the load-resisting sub-system of a building or object. The structural system transfers loads through interconnected elements or members. Commonly used structures can be classified into five major categories, depending on the type of primary stress that may arise in the members of the structures under major design loads. However any two or more of the basic structural types described in the following may be combined in a single structure, such as a building or a bridge in order to meet the structure's functional requirements.Kassimali, A. (1999). ''Structural analysis''. 2nd edition. Pacific Grove, C.A.: PWS Publication. * Tensile structures: Members of tensile structures are subject to pure tension under the action of external loads. Because the tensile stress is uniformly distributed over the cross-sectional area of members, the material of such a structure is utilized in the most efficient ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Structural Engineering
Structural engineering is a sub-discipline of civil engineering in which structural engineers are trained to design the 'bones and joints' that create the form and shape of human-made Structure#Load-bearing, structures. Structural engineers also must understand and calculate the structural stability, stability, strength, structural rigidity, rigidity and earthquake-susceptibility of built structures for buildings and nonbuilding structures. The structural designs are integrated with those of other designers such as architects and Building services engineering, building services engineer and often supervise the construction of projects by contractors on site. They can also be involved in the design of machinery, medical equipment, and vehicles where structural integrity affects functioning and safety. See glossary of structural engineering. Structural engineering theory is based upon applied physics, physical laws and empirical knowledge of the structural performance of different ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Reinforced Concrete
Reinforced concrete, also called ferroconcrete or ferro-concrete, is a composite material in which concrete's relatively low tensile strength and ductility are compensated for by the inclusion of reinforcement having higher tensile strength or ductility. The reinforcement is usually, though not necessarily, steel reinforcing bars (known as rebar) and is usually embedded passively in the concrete before the concrete sets. However, post-tensioning is also employed as a technique to reinforce the concrete. In terms of volume used annually, it is one of the most common engineering materials. In corrosion engineering terms, when designed correctly, the alkalinity of the concrete protects the steel rebar from corrosion. Description Reinforcing schemes are generally designed to resist tensile stresses in particular regions of the concrete that might cause unacceptable cracking and/or structural failure. Modern reinforced concrete can contain varied reinforcing materials made o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Outrigger
An outrigger is a projecting structure on a boat, with specific meaning depending on types of vessel. Outriggers may also refer to legs on a wheeled vehicle that are folded out when it needs stabilization, for example on a crane that lifts heavy loads. Powered vessels and sailboats An outrigger describes any contraposing float rigging beyond the side ( gunwale) of a boat to improve the vessel's stability. If a single outrigger is used it is usually but not always windward. The technology was originally developed by the Austronesian people. There are two main types of boats with outriggers: double outriggers (prevalent in maritime Southeast Asia) and single outriggers (prevalent in Madagascar, Melanesia, Micronesia and Polynesia). Multihull ships are also derived from outrigger boats. In an outrigger canoe and in sailboats such as the proa, an outrigger is a thin, long, solid, hull used to stabilise an inherently unstable main hull. The outrigger is positioned rigidly and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shear Wall
A shear wall is an element of a structural engineering, structurally engineered system that is designed to resist in-Plane (mathematics), plane lateral forces, typically wind and earthquake, seismic loads. A shear wall resists loads parallel to the plane of the wall. Collectors, also known as drag (physics), drag members, transfer the diaphragm (structural system), diaphragm shear to shear walls and other vertical elements of the seismic-force-resisting system. Shear walls are typically made of light framed or braced wood sheathed in shear-resisting material such as plywood or other structurally rigid panels, reinforced concrete, reinforced Concrete masonry unit, masonry, or steel plates. While plywood is the conventional material used in wood (timber) shear walls, advances in technology and modern building methods have produced prefabricated options such as sheet steel and steel-backed shear panels used for narrow walls bracketing an opening that have proven to provide stronger ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Braced Frame
In structural engineering, a braced frame is a structural system designed to resist wind and earthquake forces. Structural element, Members in a braced frame are not allowed to sway laterally (which can be done using shear wall or a diagonal steel sections, similar to a truss). Types of braced frame Most braced frames are concentric. This means that, where members intersect at a node, the centroid of each member passes through the same point. Concentrically braced frames can further be classified as either ordinary or special. Ordinary concentric braced frames (OCBFs) do not have extensive requirements regarding members or connections, and are frequently used in areas of low seismic risk. OCBF steel frame buildings originated in Chicago and reinforced concrete frames originated in Germany and France – areas where earthquakes were not an engineering consideration. Accordingly, special concentrically or eccentrically braced frames were later developed with extensive design req ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rigid Frame
Rigid or rigidity may refer to: Mathematics and physics *Stiffness, the property of a solid body to resist deformation, which is sometimes referred to as rigidity *Structural rigidity, a mathematical theory of the stiffness of ensembles of rigid objects connected by hinges *Rigidity (electromagnetism), the resistance of a charged particle to deflection by a magnetic field *Rigidity (mathematics), a property of a collection of mathematical objects (for instance sets or functions) *Rigid body, in physics, a simplification of the concept of an object to allow for modelling *Rigid transformation, in mathematics, a rigid transformation preserves distances between every pair of points *Rigidity (chemistry), the tendency of a substance to retain/maintain their shape when subjected to outside force *(Modulus of) Shear modulus, rigidity or shear modulus (material science), the tendency of a substance to retain/maintain their shape when subjected to outside force Medicine *Rigidity (n ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hinged Frame
A hinge is a mechanical bearing that connects two solid objects, typically allowing only a limited angle of rotation between them. Two objects connected by an ideal hinge rotate relative to each other about a fixed axis of rotation, with all other translations or rotations prevented; thus a hinge has one degree of freedom. Hinges may be made of flexible material or moving components. In biology, many joints function as hinges, such as the elbow joint. History Ancient remains of stone, marble, wood, and bronze hinges have been found. Some date back to at least Ancient Egypt, although it is nearly impossible to pinpoint exactly where and when the first hinges were used. In Ancient Rome, hinges were called cardō and gave name to the goddess Cardea and the main street Cardo. This name cardō lives on figuratively today as "the chief thing (on which something turns or depends)" in words such as ''cardinal''. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the English word ''hinge' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fazlur Khan
Fazal ur Rahman or variants may refer to the following people: Politicians *Fazal-ur-Rehman (politician) (born 1953), Pakistani Islamic fundamentalist politician *Fazlur Rehman Khalil (born 1963), Pakistani Islamist politician *Fazlur Rahman Malik (1919–1988), Pakistani Islamic scholar and political philosopher *Fazlur Rahman (politician) (1905–1966), East Pakistani politician and first Education Minister of Pakistan * Fazal-ur-Rehman (Kishoreganj politician) Cricketers * Fazal-ur-Rehman (cricketer, born 1935) * Fazal-ur-Rehman (cricketer, born 1995) Other people *Fazal ur Rehman (born 1943), Pakistani judge *Fazalur Rehman (bureaucrat), Pakistani bureaucrat and former caretaker Chief Minister of Sindh 2018 *Fazlur Rahman Ansari (1914–1974), Pakistani Islamic scholar and philosopher *Fazlur Rahman Babu (born 1960), Bangladeshi actor and singer *Fazlur Rahman Faridi (1932–2011), Indian writer on Islam and contemporary Issues *Fazlur Rahman Khan (1929–1982), Bangl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lateral Load
A structural load or structural action is a mechanical load (more generally a force) applied to structural elements. A load causes stress, deformation, displacement or acceleration in a structure. Structural analysis, a discipline in engineering, analyzes the effects of loads on structures and structural elements. Excess load may cause structural failure, so this should be considered and controlled during the design of a structure. Particular mechanical structures—such as aircraft, satellites, rockets, space stations, ships, and submarines—are subject to their own particular structural loads and actions. Engineers often evaluate structural loads based upon published regulations, contracts, or specifications. Accepted technical standards are used for acceptance testing and inspection. Types In civil engineering, specified loads are the best estimate of the actual loads a structure is expected to carry. These loads come in many different forms, such as people, equipment, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Torsion (mechanics)
In the field of solid mechanics, torsion is the twisting of an object due to an applied torque. Torsion could be defined as strain or angular deformation, and is measured by the angle a chosen section is rotated from its equilibrium position. The resulting stress (torsional shear stress) is expressed in either the Pascal (unit), pascal (Pa), an SI unit for newtons per square metre, or in pounds per square inch (psi) while torque is expressed in newton metres (N·m) or foot-pound force (ft·lbf). In sections perpendicular to the torque axis, the resultant shear stress in this section is perpendicular to the radius. In non-circular cross-sections, twisting is accompanied by a distortion called warping, in which transverse sections do not remain plane. For shafts of uniform cross-section unrestrained against warping, the torsion-related physical properties are expressed as: : T = \frac \tau= \frac G \varphi where: * ''T'' is the applied torque or moment of torsion in Nm. * \tau (t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bending
In applied mechanics, bending (also known as flexure) characterizes the behavior of a slender structural element subjected to an external Structural load, load applied perpendicularly to a longitudinal axis of the element. The structural element is assumed to be such that at least one of its dimensions is a small fraction, typically 1/10 or less, of the other two.Boresi, A. P. and Schmidt, R. J. and Sidebottom, O. M., 1993, Advanced mechanics of materials, John Wiley and Sons, New York. When the length is considerably longer than the width and the thickness, the element is called a Beam (structure), beam. For example, a closet rod Deflection (engineering), sagging under the weight of clothes on clothes hangers is an example of a beam experiencing bending. On the other hand, a wikt:shell, shell is a structure of any geometric form where the length and the width are of the same order of magnitude but the thickness of the structure (known as the 'wall') is considerably smaller. A l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
