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Referendums In The Philippines
Referendums in the Philippines are occasionally held at a national, regional or local level. Referendums can either by national or local in scope. In the Philippines, "referendums" and "plebiscites" mean different things. Terminology According to the Initiative and Referendum Act, a referendum is "the power of the electorate to approve or reject a legislation through an election called for the purpose." A plebiscite, on the other hand, is "the electoral process by which an initiative on the Constitution is approved or rejected by the people." Referendums The constitution mandates a referendum for these instances: * Adoption of a new name for the country, or a new national anthem or a new seal * Allowing foreign military troops in the Philippines if Congress requires The Initiative and Referendum Act allows for referendums on these cases: * A petition of at least 10% of registered voters, with 3% within every legislative district for local initiatives ** If there is only on ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Referendum
A referendum, plebiscite, or ballot measure is a Direct democracy, direct vote by the Constituency, electorate (rather than their Representative democracy, representatives) on a proposal, law, or political issue. A referendum may be either binding (resulting in the adoption of a new policy) or advisory (functioning like a large-scale opinion poll). Etymology 'Referendum' is the gerundive form of the Latin language, Latin verb , literally "to carry back" (from the verb , "to bear, bring, carry" plus the inseparable prefix , here meaning "back"Marchant & Charles, Cassell's Latin Dictionary, 1928, p. 469.). As a gerundive is an adjective,A gerundive is a verbal adjective (Kennedy's Shorter Latin Primer, 1962 edition, p. 91.) not a noun, it cannot be used alone in Latin, and must be contained within a context attached to a noun such as , "A proposal which must be carried back to the people". The addition of the verb (3rd person singular, ) to a gerundive, denotes the idea of nece ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tydings–McDuffie Act
The Philippine Independence Act, or Tydings–McDuffie Act (), is an Act of Congress that established the process for the Philippines, then a US territory, to become an independent country after a ten-year transition period. Under the act, the 1935 Constitution of the Philippines was written and the Commonwealth of the Philippines was established, with the first directly elected president of the Philippines. (Direct elections to the Philippine Legislature had been held since 1907.) It also established limitations on Filipino immigration to the United States. The act was authored in the 73rd United States Congress by Senator Millard E. Tydings ( Dem.) of Maryland and Representative John McDuffie ( Dem.) of Alabama, and signed into law by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Provisions The Tydings–McDuffie Act specified a procedural framework for the drafting of a constitution for the government of the Commonwealth of the Philippines within two years of its enactment. The ac ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1986 Philippine Presidential Election
The 1986 Philippine presidential and vice presidential elections were held on February 7, 1986. Popularly known as the 1986 snap election, it is among the landmark events that led up to the People Power Revolution, the downfall of the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos, and the accession of Corazon C. Aquino as president. The authoritarian Marcos regime called for snap elections in an attempt to re-assert legitimacy to the embattled regime. The election was marred by substantial irregularities, repression of the opposition and manipulation of votes. The main opposition candidate, Corazon C. Aquino, refused to accept the initial results announced by the regime, citing large-scale fraud. Background Influence of the American media After being dared by an American journalist, President Ferdinand E. Marcos declared a snap election during an interview on the ABC political affairs program, '' This Week with David Brinkley'' in November 1985. On December 3, the Batasang Pambansa (N ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
People Power Revolution
The People Power Revolution, also known as the EDSA Revolution or the February Revolution, were a series of popular Demonstration (people), demonstrations in the Philippines, mostly in Metro Manila, from February 22 to 25, 1986. There was a sustained campaign of civil resistance against regime violence and electoral fraud. The nonviolent revolution led to the departure of Ferdinand Marcos, the end of his 20-year dictatorship and the restoration of democracy in the Philippines. It is also referred to as the Yellow Revolution due to the presence of yellow ribbons during demonstrations (in reference to the Tony Orlando and Dawn song "Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree") as a symbol of protest following the Assassination of Benigno Aquino Jr., assassination of Filipino senator Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino Jr. in August 1983 upon his return to the Philippines from exile. It was widely seen as a victory of the people against two decades of presidential rule by President Marcos, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1973 Philippine Constitutional Plebiscite
The Philippine constitutional plebiscite of 1973 occurred from 10 to 15 January which ratified the 1973 Constitution of the Philippines. Background In 1970, 320 delegates were elected to a constitutional convention which began to meet in 1971. On 23 September 1972, President Ferdinand Marcos issued the formal declaration of martial law which led to the arrests of 11 conveners, alongside government critics and journalists, by the Armed Forces of the Philippines and the Philippine Constabulary. The convention then re-convened and wrote a constitution in line with what President Ferdinand Marcos wanted, at least, according to many critics and victims of martial law. Marcos issued Presidential Decree No. 86 calling for the cancellation of the plebiscite and instituted barangays' ''citizens' assemblies'' to ratify the new constitution by a plebiscite from 10–15 January 1973. Alongside the utilization of citizens' assemblies, the voting age was also reduced to 15. Voting in citi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Voting Methods In Deliberative Assemblies
Deliberative assemblies – bodies that use parliamentary procedure to arrive at decisions – use several methods of voting on motions (formal proposal by members of a deliberative assembly that the assembly take certain action). The regular methods of voting in such bodies are a voice vote, a rising vote, and a show of hands. Additional forms of voting include a recorded vote and balloting. Regular methods Voice vote ''Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised'' (RONR) states that a voice vote (''viva voce'') is the usual method of voting on any motion that does not require more than a majority vote for its adoption. It is considered the simplest and quickest of voting methods used by deliberative assemblies. The chair of the assembly will put the question to the assembly, asking first for those in favor of the motion to indicate so verbally ("aye" or "yes"), and then ask those opposed to the motion to indicate so verbally ("no"). The chair will then estimate which side had more ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Secret Ballot
The secret ballot, also known as the Australian ballot, is a voting method in which a voter's identity in an election or a referendum is anonymous. This forestalls attempts to influence the voter by intimidation, blackmailing, and potential vote buying. This system is one means of achieving the goal of political privacy. Secret ballots are used in conjunction with various voting systems. The most basic form of a secret ballot uses paper ballots upon which each voter marks their choices. Without revealing the votes, the voter folds the ballot paper in half and places it in a sealed box. This box is later emptied for counting. An aspect of secret voting is the provision of a voting booth to enable the voter to write on the ballot paper without others being able to see what is being written. Today, printed ballot papers are usually provided, with the names of the candidates or questions and respective check boxes. Provisions are made at the polling place for the voters to record the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Proclamation No
A proclamation (Lat. ''proclamare'', to make public by announcement) is an official declaration issued by a person of authority to make certain announcements known. Proclamations are currently used within the governing framework of some nations and are usually issued in the name of the head of state. A proclamation is (usually) a non-binding notice. A general distinction is made between official proclamations from states and state organs with a binding character and proclamations from political-social groups or organizations, both of which try to win over the mood of those addressed. In addition, the procedure of proclaiming the beginning of a rule over a certain ruling territory is called a proclamation. For example, on July 26, 1581, the Proclamation of Dutch Independence was signed which led to the creation of the Dutch Republic in 1588, formally recognized in 1648 by the Peace of Münster. The announcement of the intention to marry two people, the bidding, was referred to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ferdinand Marcos
Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralin Marcos Sr. (September 11, 1917 – September 28, 1989) was a Filipino lawyer, politician, dictator, and Kleptocracy, kleptocrat who served as the tenth president of the Philippines from 1965 to 1986. He ruled the country under Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos, martial law from 1972 to 1981, granting himself expanded powers under the Constitution of the Philippines#The 1973 Constitution, 1973 Constitution. Marcos described his philosophy as "constitutional authoritarianism". He was deposed in 1986 by the People Power Revolution and was succeeded as president by Corazon Aquino. Marcos gained political success by exaggerating his actions in World War II, claiming to have been the "most decorated war hero in the Philippines". — United States Army documents described his claims as "fraudulent" and "absurd". After the war, he became a lawyer. He served in the Philippine House of Representatives from 1949 to 1959 and the Philippine Senate from 1959 to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1970 Philippine Constitutional Convention Election
A constitutional convention was called to change the 1935 Constitution of the Philippines, written to establish the Commonwealth of the Philippines. A special election was held on November 10, 1970 to elect the convention's delegates, which would convene in 1971. Former Philippine President Carlos P. Garcia was sworn in as the President of the Constitutional Convention on June 1, 1971. However, he died thirteen days after taking oath. Former President Diosdado Macapagal replaced Garcia. Sotero H. Laurel served as the President Pro-Tempore of the convention. Other prominent delegates were former Senators Raul Manglapus and Roseller T. Lim. Other delegates would become influential political figures, including Hilario Davide Jr., Marcelo Fernan, Sotero Laurel, Aquilino Pimentel, Jr., Teofisto Guingona, Jr., Raul Roco, Edgardo Angara, Richard Gordon, Margarito Teves and Federico Dela Plana. The work of the Convention was affected by the declaration of martial law in Se ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1967 Philippine Senate Election
A senatorial election was held on November 14, 1967, in the Philippines. The 1967 election for the members of the Philippine Senate were also known as the 1967 midterm election, as the date where the elected candidates take office falls halfway through President Ferdinand Marcos' four-year term. The administration Nacionalista Party won seven seats in the Philippine Senate while the Liberal Party won one seat; the Nacionalistas got the majority in the Senate after having twelve of the 24 seats in the Senate prior to the election. Electoral system Philippine Senate elections are held via plurality block voting with staggered elections, with the country as an at-large district. The Senate has 24 seats, of which 8 seats are up every 2 years. The eight seats up were last contested in 1961; each voter has eight votes and can vote up to eight names, of which the eight candidates with the most votes winning the election. Retiring incumbents # Manuel Manahan ( Liberal), retired f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1967 Philippine Constitutional Plebiscite
A constitutional referendum was held in the Philippines on 14 November 1967. On 16 March 1967 Congress decided that a Constitutional Convention would be elected in 1971. In preparation for the election, two amendments to the constitution were proposed beforehand. Voters were asked whether they approved of two amendments to the Constitution of the Philippines; one to increase the number of members of the House of Representatives from 120 to 180, and one to allow members of Congress to be elected to Constitutional Conventions without giving up their Congress seats.Philippines, 14 November 1967: Enlargement of the House from 120 to 180 seats Direct Democracy A petition seeking to stop the referendum was filed before the |
