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Plasma Physicists
This is a list of physicists who have worked in or made notable contributions to the field of plasma physics. {, class="wikitable sortable" , - ! Name !! Known for , - , Robert Ellis (physicist), Robert Ellis , Head of experimental projects at the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory; co-led the Spheromak project , - , Igor Grabec , , Exploration of unstable ionization waves (striations) in a positive column of a glow discharge and corresponding ionization turbulence. , - , Hannes Alfvén , , 1970 Nobel Prize in Physics "''for fundamental work and discoveries in magneto-hydrodynamics with fruitful applications in different parts of plasma physics''" , - , Irving Langmuir, , coined the term "plasma" to hint at the lifelike behavior of this state of matter. Developed electron temperature concepts and an electrostatic probe, the Langmuir probe. , - , Ksenia Aleksandrovna Razumova , , first stable plasmas in tokamaks, first experimental measurement of plasma energy with diamagne ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Plasma Physics
Plasma () is a state of matter characterized by the presence of a significant portion of charged particles in any combination of ions or electrons. It is the most abundant form of ordinary matter in the universe, mostly in stars (including the Sun), but also dominating the rarefied intracluster medium and intergalactic medium. Plasma can be artificially generated, for example, by heating a neutral gas or subjecting it to a strong electromagnetic field. The presence of charged particles makes plasma electrically conductive, with the dynamics of individual particles and macroscopic plasma motion governed by collective electromagnetic fields and very sensitive to externally applied fields. The response of plasma to electromagnetic fields is used in many modern devices and technologies, such as plasma televisions or plasma etching. Depending on temperature and density, a certain number of neutral particles may also be present, in which case plasma is called partially ioni ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Katherine Weimer
Katherine Ella Mounce Weimer (April 15, 1919 – April 23, 2000) was a research physicist at the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory at the Princeton University. She is known for her scientific research in the field of plasma magnetohydrodynamic equilibrium and contribution to stability theory of a magnetically confined plasma. Education Originally from New Jersey, Weimer received a scholarship to Purdue University and got her B.Sc. in chemistry in 1939. She continued her education at Ohio State University, switching her area of interest from chemistry to physics, and received her Ph.D. in physics in 1943. Her thesis was entitled "Artificial Radioactivity of Barium and Lanthanum" and was supervised by Marion Llewellyn Pool. Katherine Weimer was the first woman to receive a Ph.D in physics from Ohio State University. Scientific career In 1957, Weimer joined the theory group at Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory. She was the first female research staff member at the labo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Landau Damping
In physics, Landau damping, named after its discoverer,Landau, L. "On the vibration of the electronic plasma". ''JETP'' 16 (1946), 574. English translation in ''J. Phys. (USSR)'' 10 (1946), 25. Reproduced in Collected papers of L.D. Landau, edited and with an introduction by D. ter Haar, Pergamon Press, 1965, pp. 445–460; and in Men of Physics: L.D. Landau, Vol. 2, Pergamon Press, D. ter Haar, ed. (1965). Soviet Union, Soviet physicist Lev Landau, Lev Davidovich Landau (1908–68), is the effect of Damping ratio, damping (exponential decay, exponential decrease as a function of time) of plasma oscillation, longitudinal space charge waves in Plasma (physics), plasma or a similar environment.Chen, Francis F. ''Introduction to Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion''. Second Ed., 1984 Plenum Press, New York. This phenomenon prevents an instability from developing, and creates a region of stability in the parameter space. It was later argued by Donald Lynden-Bell that a similar phenomeno ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lev Landau
Lev Davidovich Landau (; 22 January 1908 – 1 April 1968) was a Soviet physicist who made fundamental contributions to many areas of theoretical physics. He was considered as one of the last scientists who were universally well-versed and made seminal contributions to all branches of physics. He is credited with laying the foundations of twentieth century condensed matter physics, and is also considered arguably the greatest Soviet theoretical physicist. His accomplishments include the independent co-discovery of the density matrix method in quantum mechanics (alongside John von Neumann), the quantum mechanical theory of diamagnetism, the theory of superfluidity, the theory of second-order phase transitions, invention of order parameter technique, the Ginzburg–Landau theory of superconductivity, the theory of Fermi liquids, the explanation of Landau damping in plasma physics, the Landau pole in quantum electrodynamics, the two-component theory of neutrinos, and Landau's ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Birkeland Current
A Birkeland current (also known as field-aligned current, FAC) is a set of electrical currents that flow along geomagnetic field lines connecting the Earth's magnetosphere to the Earth's high latitude ionosphere. In the Earth's magnetosphere, the currents are driven by the solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) and by bulk motions of plasma through the magnetosphere (convection indirectly driven by the interplanetary environment). The strength of the Birkeland currents changes with activity in the magnetosphere (e.g. during substorms). Small scale variations in the upward current sheets (downward flowing electrons) accelerate magnetospheric electrons which, when they reach the upper atmosphere, create the Aurora (astronomy), Auroras Borealis and Australis. In the high latitude ionosphere (or auroral zones), the Birkeland currents close through the region of the auroral electrojet, which flows perpendicular to the local magnetic field in the ionosphere. The Birkeland c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Electrojet
An electrojet is an electric current which travels around the E region of the Earth's ionosphere. There are three electrojets: one above the magnetic equator (the equatorial electrojet), and one each near the Northern and Southern Polar Circles (the Auroral Electrojets). Electrojets are Hall currents carried primarily by electrons at altitudes from 100 to 150 km. In this region the electron gyro frequency ( Larmor frequency) is much greater than the electron-neutral collision frequency. In contrast, the principal E region ions (O2+ and NO+) have gyrofrequencies much lower than the ion-neutral collision frequency. Kristian Birkeland was the first to suggest that polar electric currents (or auroral electrojets) are connected to a system of filaments (now called "Birkeland currents") that flow along geomagnetic field lines into and away from the polar region. out-of-print, full text online Equatorial Electrojet The worldwide solar-driven wind results in the so-called Sq ( ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polar Aurora
An aurora ( aurorae or auroras), also commonly known as the northern lights (aurora borealis) or southern lights (aurora australis), is a natural light display in Earth's sky, predominantly observed in high-latitude regions (around the Arctic and Antarctic). Auroras display dynamic patterns of radiant lights that appear as curtains, rays, spirals or dynamic flickers covering the entire sky. Auroras are the result of disturbances in the Earth's magnetosphere caused by enhanced speeds of solar wind from coronal holes and coronal mass ejections. These disturbances alter the trajectories of charged particles in the magnetospheric plasma. These particles, mainly electrons and protons, precipitate into the upper atmosphere (thermosphere/exosphere). The resulting ionization and excitation of atmospheric constituents emit light of varying color and complexity. The form of the aurora, occurring within bands around both polar regions, is also dependent on the amount of acceleration ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kristian Birkeland
Kristian Olaf Bernhard Birkeland (born 13 December 1867 – 15 June 1917) was a Norway, Norwegian space physics, space physicist, inventor, and professor of physics at the University of Oslo, Royal Fredriks University in Oslo. He is best remembered for his theories of atmospheric electric currents that elucidated the nature of the aurora borealis. In order to fund his research on the aurorae, he invented the Coilgun, electromagnetic cannon and the Birkeland–Eyde process of nitrogen fixation process, fixing nitrogen from the air. Birkeland was nominated for the Nobel Prize seven times. Life and death Birkeland was born in Christiania (Oslo today) to Reinart Birkeland and Ingeborg (née Ege) and wrote his first scientific paper at the age of 18. Birkeland married Ida Charlotte Hammer in May 1905. They had no children and, due to Birkeland's preoccupation with his work, they divorced in 1911. Suffering from severe paranoia due to his use of barbital as a sleeping aid, he died und ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Maria Gatu Johnson
Maria Gatu Johnson (born 1978) is a Swedish-American plasma physicist whose research involves the use of neutron spectrometry to study inertial confinement fusion and stellar nucleosynthesis. She works at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology as a principal research scientist in the MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center. Education and career Gatu Johnson earned a master's degree in engineering physics from Uppsala University in Sweden in 2003, and completed a Ph.D. in applied nuclear physics there in 2010. Her work there involved the application of neutron spectrometry to the Joint European Torus, a magnetic confinement fusion experiment in England. She was a postdoctoral researcher at the MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center from 2010 to 2013, before becoming a permanent member of the research staff there. In 2023 she was promoted to principal research scientist. At the Plasma Science and Fusion Center, she has been in charge of the Magnetic Recoil Neutron Spectrometer (MR ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Félicie Albert
Félicie Albert is a French and American physicist working on laser plasma accelerators. She is the deputy director for the Center for High Energy Density Science at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) and staff scientist at the National Ignition Facility and Photon Science Directorate and the Joint High Energy Density Sciences organization. Education and career She received a BS in 2003 in engineering from École Nationale Supérieure de Physique de Marseille (now École Centrale de Marseille), in France, her master's degree in optics from the University of Central Florida in 2004 and her PhD from prestigious École Polytechnique with advisor Antoine Rousse in 2007. Her PhD thesis is entitled "Synchrotron radiation based on laser-plasma interaction in the relativistic range." Albert then joined Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory as a postdoctoral fellow in 2008. Her main areas of expertise are "the generation and applications of novel sources of electrons, X-rays ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anne E
Anne, alternatively spelled Ann, is a form of the Latin female name Anna. This in turn is a representation of the Hebrew Hannah, which means 'favour' or 'grace'. Related names include Annie and Ana. Anne is sometimes used as a male name in the Netherlands, particularly in the Frisian speaking part (for example, author Anne de Vries). In this incarnation, it is related to Germanic arn-names and means 'eagle'.See entry on "Anne" in th''Behind the Name'' databaseand th"Anne"an"Ane"entries (in Dutch) in the Nederlandse Voornamenbank (Dutch First Names Database) of the Meertens Instituut (23 October 2018). It has also been used for males in France (Anne de Montmorency) and Scotland (Lord Anne Hamilton). In Ireland the name is used as an anglicized version of Áine. Anne is a common name and the following lists represent a small selection. For a comprehensive list, see instead: . As a feminine name Anne * Saint Anne, Mother of the Virgin Mary * Anne, Queen of Great Britain (16 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lin Yin
LIN or LIN may refer to: People *Lin (surname) (normally ), a Chinese surname * Lin (''The King of Fighters''), Chinese assassin character *Lin Chow Bang, character in Fat Pizza *Lin (NouerA) (Chinese name Lin Hanzhong Korean name Lim Hanjung), a Member of boygroup NouerA Places *Lin, Iran, a village in Mazandaran Province *Lin, Korçë, village in Pogradec municipality, Albania * Lin County, Henan, now Linzhou, China *Lin County, Shanxi, in China *Lincolnshire, Chapman code LIN Transport * Linate Airport, Milan, Italy * Linlithgow railway station, West Lothian, Scotland Other uses * LIN Media, a US TV broadcaster * Lingala language, a Bantu language of central Africa * Local Interconnect Network, for vehicle computers * ''lin.'', an abbreviation for linear See also * Linn (other) * Lyn (other) * Lynn (given name) Lynn or Lynne is a predominantly feminine given name in English-speaking countries. It is now more popular as a middle name than as a first nam ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
