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Kra Languages
The Kra languages ( ; also known as the Geyang or Kadai languages) are a branch of the Kra–Dai language family spoken in southern China (Guizhou, Guangxi, Yunnan) and in northern Vietnam ( Hà Giang Province). Names The name ''Kra'' comes from the word C "human" as reconstructed by Ostapirat (2000), which appears in various Kra languages as ''kra'', ''ka'', ''fa'' or ''ha''. Benedict (1942) used the term ''Kadai'' for the Kra and Hlai languages grouped together and the term ''Kra-Dai'' is proposed by Ostapirat (2000). The Kra branch was first identified as a unified group of languages by Liang (1990),Liang Min 梁敏. 1990Geyang yuqun de xishu wenti 仡央语群的系属问题/ On the affiliation of the Ge-Yang group of languages." In ''Minzu Yuwen'' 民族语文 1990(6): 1-8. who called it the ''Geyang'' 仡央 languages. ''Geyang'' 仡央 is a portmanteau of the first syllable of ''Ge''- in Gelao and the last syllable of -''yang'' in Buyang. The name ''Kra'' was proposed b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Northern And Southern China
Northern China () and Southern China () are two approximate regions that display certain differences in terms of their geography, demographics, economy, and culture. Extent The Qinling–Daba Mountains serve as the transition zone between northern and southern China. They approximately coincide with the 0 degree Celsius isotherm in January, the isohyet, and the 2,000-hour sunshine duration contour. The Huai River basin serves a similar role, and the course of the Huaihe has been used to set different policies to the north and the south. History Historically, populations migrated from the north to the south, especially its coastal areas and along major rivers. After the fall of the Han dynasty, The Southern and Northern Dynasties (420–589) ruled their respective part of China before re-uniting under the Tang dynasty. During the Qing dynasty, regional differences and identification in China fostered the growth of regional stereotypes. Such stereotypes often appe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hlai Languages
The Hlai languages ( zh, s=黎语, p=Líyǔ) are a primary branch of the Kra–Dai languages, Kra–Dai language family spoken in the mountains of central and south-central Hainan in China by the Hlai people, not to be confused with the colloquial name for the Leizhou Min, Leizhou branch of Min Chinese ( zh, s=黎话, p=Líhuà). They include Cun language, Cun, whose speakers are ethnically distinct. A quarter of Hlai speakers are monolingual. None of the Hlai languages had a writing system until the 1950s, when the Latin script was adopted for Ha. Classification Norquest (2007) classifies the Hlai languages as follows. There are some 750,000 Hlai speakers. *Proto-Hlai language, Proto-Hlai **Bouhin ( ) – 73,000 **Greater Hlai ***Ha Em 哈炎 ( ) – 193,000 ***Central Hlai ****East Central Hlai – 344,000 *****Lauhut ( ) – 166,000, the basis of the literary language *****Qi 杞 (also known as ''Gei'') – 178,000 ******Tongzha ( ) – 125,000 ******Zandui ( ) – 29,000 ** ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lachi Language
The Lachi language (, Vietnamese: La Chí; autonym in China: '; autonym in Vietnam: ', where ' means "person") is a Kra language spoken in Yunnan, China and in northern Vietnam. There were 9,500 Lachi speakers in Vietnam in 1990. Edmondson (2008) reports another 2,500 in Maguan County, Yunnan, China for 1995, but Li Yunbing (2000) reports 60 speakers in Maguan out of an ethnic population of 1,600. Subdivisions Weera Ostapirat proposed three major subdivisions for the Lachi language. *Northern (Chinese or Flowery Lachi) *Central (White Lachi) *Southern (Long Haired and Black Lachi) Jerold A. Edmondson notes that Vietnamese researchers recently have not been able to locate White (Central) Lachi speakers. It is also the least studied variety of Lachi. The ''Maguan County Gazetteer'' 马关县志 (1996) lists the following Lachi ethnic subdivisions. *Flowery Lachi 花拉基 *White Lachi 白拉基 *Black Lachi 黑拉基 *Chinese Lachi 汉拉基 *Manyou Lachi 曼忧拉基 *Manpen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gelao Language
Gelao ( autonym: Kláo, Chinese: 仡佬 Gēlǎo, Vietnamese: Cờ Lao) is a Kra language in the Kra–Dai language family. It is spoken by the Gelao people in southern China and northern Vietnam. Despite an ethnic population of 580,000 (2000 census of China), only a few thousand still speak Gelao in China. Estimates run from 3,000 in China by Li in 1999, of which 500 are monolinguals, to 7,900 by Edmondson in 2008. Edmondson (2002) estimates that the three Gelao varieties of Vietnam have only about 350 speakers altogether. External relationships Like Buyang, another Kra language, Gelao contains many words which are likely to be Austronesian cognates. (''See Austro-Tai languages''.) As noted by Li and Zhou (1999),李锦芳/Li, Jinfang and 周国炎/Guoyan Zhou. 仡央语言探索/Geyang yu yan tan suo. Beijing, China: 中央民族大学出版社/Zhong yang min zu da xue chu ban she, 1999. Gelao shares much vocabulary with the Hlai and Ong Be languages, suggesting con ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Laha Language
Laha () is a Kra language spoken by approximately 1,400 people out of a total population of 5,686 Laha. It is spoken in Lào Cai and Sơn La provinces, Vietnam. Laha dialects had been documented in 1986 by Russian linguists and in 1996 by American linguist Jerold A. Edmondson. Many Laha can also converse in the Khmu language, and Laha-speaking areas also have significant Black Thai ( Tai Dam), Kháng, Ksongmul ( Ksingmul, Xinh-mun), and Hmong populations. Ostapirat (2000) considers the Laha dialects to form a subgroup of their own (Southern Kra) within the Kra branch.Ostapirat, Weera (2000).Proto-Kra. ''Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area'' 23 (1): 1-251 Geographic distribution Gregerson & Edmondson (1997) and Wardlaw (2000) report the following locations of two Laha dialects, namely the Wet Laha and Dry Laha dialects. Wet Laha (Laha Ung, ') of Lào Cai and Lai Châu *Tà Mít Commune, Tân Uyên, Lai Châu, Vietnam (just north of the Black River) — known as the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Qau Language
Qau, Central Gelao, or Sinicized Gelao () is a Gelao language spoken in Guizhou, China. Dialects The dialects of Qau that are still spoken are: *Dagouchang 大狗场 or Pingba Qau (in Pingba County) *Wanzi 湾子 or Anshun Qau (in Anshun Anshun ( zh, s=安顺 , t=安順 , p=Ānshùn) is a prefecture-level city located in southwestern Guizhou province, southwest China, near the Huangguoshu Waterfall, the tallest in China. As of the 2010 census, it had a population of 2,297,339. ... City) Phonology Consonants * �is heard in syllable-initial position before vowels. * is heard as an initial consonant of Chinese loanwords. Vowels * /i/ is heard as a syllabic �̩when after sounds /s, ts/ * �is only heard in the diphthong /əɯ/. * Vowels with a word-final /n/ can also be heard as nasalized �� Tones The Wanzi dialect has 6 tones.He 1983, p. 15. Pronouns The following are pronouns from Pingba Gelao. Numerals Pingba Gelao numerals are given below. # # # ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
A'ou Language
A'ou (阿欧方言) or Red Gelao (红仡佬语) is an endangered Gelao language spoken by fewer than 100 people in Guizhou, China. Only the Hongfeng (红丰) and Bigong (比贡) dialects are still spoken, each with only a few dozen speakers. Dialects The main dialects of A'ou, which all have limited mutual intelligibility, are: *Hongfeng (红丰) *Bigong (比贡)Li Xia; Li Jinfang; Luo Yongxian. 2014. A Grammar of Zoulei, Southwest China'. Bern: Peter Lang AG, Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften. *Qiaoshang (桥上) (extinct) Only one elderly speaker of the Houzitian (猴子田) dialect was found in 2013, and it is likely now extinct. Mulao (木佬) is sometimes also included, in addition to Yi (羿), an extinct A'ou variety of Sichuan Sichuan is a province in Southwestern China, occupying the Sichuan Basin and Tibetan Plateau—between the Jinsha River to the west, the Daba Mountains to the north, and the Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau to the south. Its capital ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vandu Language
Vandu or Red Gelao is an endangered Gelao language spoken in two villages of Ha Giang Province, Vietnam. 1-2 speakers have also been located across the border in Malipo County, Yunnan, China. Samarina (2011), which includes lengthy word lists and audio recordings, is the most detailed linguistic description to date. Speakers As the most endangered Gelao language variety, Red Gelao of Vietnam (not to be confused with A'ou of Guizhou, China, which is also referred to as Red Gelao) is spoken by only about 50 people. Many speakers have shifted to Southwestern Mandarin or Hmong. The Red Gelao people, who call themselves the ', send brides back and forth among the villages of Na Khê and Bạch Đích (or Bìch Đich) in Yên Minh District, Hà Giang Province, Vietnam and another village in Fanpo, Malipo County, Yunnan, China (autonym: ') in order to ensure the continual survival of their ethnic group. Edmondson (1998) reports that there are also Red Gelao people in Cán Tí, Qu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hagei Language
Hagei (Hakei) or Green Gelao (; sometimes translated as Blue Gelao) is a Gelao language spoken in China and Vietnam. Dialects The primary dialectal areas where Hagei (Green Gelao) is still spoken are: *Guizhou: in Guanling County, Qinglong County, and Zhenfeng County *Guangxi: in Sanchong 三冲 village, Longlin CountyShen Yumay. 2003. ''Phonology of Sanchong Gelao''. M.A. Thesis, University of Texas at Arlington. *Vietnam: in Hà Giang Province The Hagei varieties of northern Guizhou, such as in Zunyi Zunyi ( zh, s=遵义 , t=遵義 , p=Zūnyì) is a prefecture-level city in northern Guizhou province, People's Republic of China, situated between the provincial capital Guiyang to the south and Chongqing to the north, also bordering Sichuan to t ..., are extinct.Zhou Guoyan 周国炎. 2004. ''Gelaozu muyu shengtai yanjiu 仡佬族母語生态硏究 (Studies on the linguistic ecology of the Gelao people)''. Beijing: Ethnic Publishing House 民族出版社. Phonology Con ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Telue Language
Telue (pinyin transcription: Duoluo 多罗; Tolo) or White Gelao is a Gelao language spoken in China and Vietnam. Dialects The primary dialectal areas where Telue (White Gelao) is still spoken are: *Guizhou, China (in Liuzhi Special District): Judu 居都 *Guangxi, China (in Longlin County): Moji 磨基 (also spoken in Wantao 湾桃) *Yunnan, China (in Malipo County): Yueliangwan 月亮湾 (also spoken in Fengyan 峰岩 and Laozhai 老寨) *Vietnam (in Hà Giang Province) Phonology Duoluo has many uvular and prenasalized consonants. Consonants * The sound of the affricates are frequently close to interdental affricate sounds . * The pronunciation of can sometimes be close to an alveolo-palatal sound , but not as fully articulated. * can also form a syllabic nasal . * Sounds mainly appear in modern Chinese loanwords. Vowels * only is heard after dental/alveolar fricatives and affricates only, is never heard in this position. * and are typically free varian ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Variety (linguistics)
In sociolinguistics, a variety, also known as a lect or an isolect, is a specific form of a language or language cluster. This may include languages, dialects, registers, styles, or other forms of language, as well as a standard variety.Meecham, Marjorie and Janie Rees-Miller. (2001) "Language in social contexts." In W. O'Grady, J. Archibald, M. Aronoff and J. Rees-Miller (eds) ''Contemporary Linguistics''. pp. 537-590. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's. The use of the word ''variety'' to refer to the different forms avoids the use of the term ''language'', which many people associate only with the standard language, and the term ''dialect'', which is often associated with non-standard language forms thought of as less prestigious or "proper" than the standard.Schilling-Estes, Natalies. (2006) "Dialect variation." In R.W. Fasold and J. Connor-Linton (eds) ''An Introduction to Language and Linguistics''. pp. 311-341. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Linguists speak of both s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mutual Intelligibility
In linguistics, mutual intelligibility is a relationship between different but related language varieties in which speakers of the different varieties can readily understand each other without prior familiarity or special effort. Mutual intelligibility is sometimes used to distinguish languages from dialects, although sociolinguistic factors are often also used. Intelligibility between varieties can be asymmetric; that is, speakers of one variety may be able to better understand another than vice versa. An example of this is the case between Afrikaans and Dutch. It is generally easier for Dutch speakers to understand Afrikaans than for Afrikaans speakers to understand Dutch. In a dialect continuum, neighbouring varieties are mutually intelligible, but differences mount with distance, so that more widely separated varieties may not be mutually intelligible. Intelligibility can be partial, as is the case with Azerbaijani and Turkish, or significant, as is the case with Bul ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
