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First Brazilian Republic
The First Brazilian Republic, also referred to as the Old Republic (, ), officially the Republic of the United States of Brazil, was the Brazilian state in the period from 1889 to 1930. The Old Republic began with the coup d'état that deposed emperor Pedro II in 1889, and ended with the Revolution of 1930 that installed Getúlio Vargas as a new president. During the First Republic, the country's presidency was dominated by the most powerful states of São Paulo and Minas Gerais. Because of the power of these two states, based on the production of coffee and dairy, respectively, the Old Republic's political system has been described as " milk coffee politics". At local level, the country was dominated by a form of machine politics known as '' coronelism'', in which the political and economic spheres were centered around local bosses, who controlled elections. They would often conduct mass electoral fraud. The country was also marked by a series of rebellions and revolutions a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Flag Of Brazil
The national flag of Brazil is a blue disc depicting a starry sky (which includes the Crux, Southern Cross) spanned by a curved band inscribed with the List of national mottos, national motto ('Order and Progress'), within a yellow rhombus, on a green field. It was officially adopted on 19 November 1889, four days after the Proclamation of the Republic (Brazil), Proclamation of the Republic, to replace the flag of the Empire of Brazil. The concept was the work of Raimundo Teixeira Mendes, with the collaboration of , and Décio Villares. The green field and yellow rhombus from the previous imperial flag were preserved (though slightly modified in hue and shape). In the imperial flag, the green represented the House of Braganza of Pedro I of Brazil, Pedro I, the first List of monarchs of Brazil, Emperor of Brazil, while the yellow represented the House of Habsburg of his wife, Maria Leopoldina of Austria, Empress Maria Leopoldina. A blue circle with white five-pointed stars repl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Melo Viana
Fernando de Melo Viana (15 March 1878 – 10 February 1954) was a Brazilian politician who was the 11th vice president of Brazil from 15 November 1926 to 24 October 1930 serving under President Washington Luís. As vice president, he also served as the President of the Senate President of the Senate is a title often given to the presiding officer of a senate. It corresponds to the Speaker (politics), speaker in some other assemblies. The senate president often ranks high in a jurisdiction's Order of succession, succes .... Later, he served as President of the 1946 Constituent Assembly. References 1878 births 1954 deaths People from Sabará Brazilian people of Portuguese descent Republican Party of Minas Gerais politicians Social Democratic Party (Brazil, 1945–65) politicians Vice presidents of Brazil Presidents of the Federal Senate (Brazil) 20th-century Brazilian people Coffee with milk politics politicians Candidates for Vice President of Brazil ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pedro II Of Brazil
''Don (honorific), Dom'' PedroII (Pedro de Alcântara João Carlos Leopoldo Salvador Bibiano Francisco Xavier de Paula Leocádio Miguel Gabriel Rafael Gonzaga; 2 December 1825 – 5 December 1891), nicknamed the Magnanimous (), was the List of monarchs of Brazil, second and last monarch of the Empire of Brazil, reigning for over 58 years. Pedro II was born in Rio de Janeiro, the seventh child of Emperor Dom Pedro I of Brazil and Empress Dona Maria Leopoldina and thus a member of the Brazilian branch of the House of Braganza (). Abdication of Pedro I of Brazil, His father's abrupt abdication and departure to Europe in 1831 left the five-year-old as emperor and led to a lonely childhood and adolescence, obliged to spend his time studying in preparation for rule. His experiences with court intrigues and political disputes during this period greatly affected his later character; he grew into a man with a strong sense of duty and devotion toward his country and his people, yet in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Catholic Church In Brazil
The Brazilian Catholic Church, or Catholic Church in Brazil, is part of the worldwide Catholic Church, under the spiritual leadership of the Pope in Rome, and the influential National Conference of Bishops of Brazil (), composed of over 400 primary and auxiliary bishops and archbishops. There are 44 ecclesiastical provinces, which have 275 dioceses, eparchies, ordinariates, and territorial prelatures in Brazil. The primate of Brazil is Dom Sérgio da Rocha. The Catholic Church is the largest denomination in the country, where 119 million people, or 56.75% of the Brazilian population, were self-declared Catholics in 2022. These figures made Brazil the single country with the largest Catholic community in the world.Country Studies"Brazil - Roman Catholicism" source: Rex A. Hudson, ed. ''Brazil: A Country Study''. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1997.Scalon, Maria Celi"Catholics and Protestants in Brazil" ''America Magazine''. 18 August 2003. According to Rome's ''A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pew Research Center
The Pew Research Center (also simply known as Pew) is a nonpartisan American think tank based in Washington, D.C. It provides information on social issues, public opinion, and demographic trends shaping the United States and the world. It also conducts public opinion polling, demographic research, random sample survey research, and panel based surveys, media content analysis, and other empirical social science research. The Pew Research Center states it does not take policy stances. It is a subsidiary of the Pew Charitable Trusts and a charter member of the American Association of Public Opinion Research's Transparency Initiative. History In 1990, the Times Mirror Company founded the Times Mirror Center for the People & the Press as a research project, tasked with conducting polls on politics and policy. Andrew Kohut became its director in 1993, and the Pew Charitable Trusts became its primary sponsor in 1996, when it was renamed the Pew Research Center for the Pe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Brazilian Real (old)
The first official currency of Brazil was the real (pronounced ; pl. ''réis''), with the symbol Rs$. As the currency of the Portuguese empire, it was in use in Brazil from the earliest days of the colonial period, and remained in use until 1942, when it was replaced by the cruzeiro. The name "real" was resurrected in 1994 for the new currency unit (but with the new plural form "reais"). This currency is still in use. One modern real is equivalent to 2.75 × 1018 (2.75 quintillion) of the old ''réis''. The name comes from the Portuguese word ''real'' (in the sense of "royal" or "regal") and was borrowed from a Portuguese currency previously used in Brazil. The dollar-like sign in the currency's symbol (and in the symbols of all other Brazilian currencies), called '' cifrão'' in Portuguese, was always written with two vertical strokes () rather than one. History The Portuguese real was the currency used by the first Portuguese settlers to arrive in the Americas, bu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chamber Of Deputies (Brazil)
The Chamber of Deputies () is a federal legislative body and the lower house of the National Congress of Brazil. The chamber comprises 513 deputies, who are elected by proportional representation to serve four-year terms. The current president of the chamber is the Deputy Hugo Motta ( Republicanos- PB), who was elected on 1 February 2025. Structure The number of deputies elected is proportional to the size of the population of the respective state (or of the Federal District) as of 1994. However, no delegation can be made up of less than eight or more than seventy seats. Thus the least populous state elects eight federal deputies and the most populous elects seventy. These restrictions favour the smaller states at the expense of the more populous states and so the size of the delegations is not exactly proportional to population. Elections to the Chamber of Deputies are held every four years, with all seats up for election. Federal representation A census held every 10 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Federal Senate (Brazil)
The Federal Senate () is the upper house of the National Congress of Brazil. When created under the Imperial Constitution in 1824, it was based on the House of Lords of the British Parliament, but since the Proclamation of the Republic in 1889 and under the first republican Constitution the Federal Senate has resembled the United States Senate. The current president of the Federal Senate is Davi Alcolumbre, a member of UNIÃO from Amapá. He was re-elected in February 2025 for his two-year non-consecutive term, as he had already led the Senate between 2019-21 during Bolsonaro's government. Membership The Senate has 81 members, serving an eight-year term of office. There are three senators from each of the country's 27 federative units, the Federal District and the 26 states. Elections are staggered so that either a third or two-thirds of senators are up for election every four years. The most recent election took place in 2022, where one-third of the Senate was ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
National Congress Of Brazil
The National Congress () is the legislative body of Brazil's federal government. Unlike the state legislative assemblies and Câmara Municipal, municipal chambers, the Congress is bicameral, composed of the Federal Senate (Brazil), Federal Senate (the upper house) and the Chamber of Deputies (Brazil), Chamber of Deputies (the lower house). The Congress meets annually in Brasília from 2 February to 22 December, with a mid-term break taking place between 17 July and 1 August. The Senate represents the States of Brazil, 26 states and the Federal District (Brazil), Federal District. Each state and the Federal District has a representation of three senators, who are elected by popular ballot for a term of eight years. Every four years, renewal of either one third or two-thirds of the Senate (and of the delegations of the States and the Federal District) takes place. The Chamber of Deputies represents the people of each state, and its members are elected for a four-year term by a sys ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Brazilian Revolution Of 1930
The Revolution of 1930 () was an armed insurrection across Brazil that ended the First Brazilian Republic, Old Republic. The revolution replaced incumbent president Washington Luís with defeated presidential candidate and revolutionary leader Getúlio Vargas, concluding the political hegemony of coffee with milk politics, a four-decade-old oligarchy and beginning the Vargas Era. For most of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Brazilian politics had been controlled by an alliance between the states of São Paulo (state), São Paulo and Minas Gerais. The presidency had alternated between them every election until 1929, when incumbent President Washington Luís declared his successor would be Júlio Prestes, also from São Paulo. In response to the betrayal of the oligarchy, Minas Gerais, Rio Grande do Sul, and Paraíba formed a Liberal Alliance (Brazil), Liberal Alliance backing opposition candidate Getúlio Vargas, president of Rio Grande do Sul. The Alliance denounced the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Federalist Revolution
The Federalist Revolution (Portuguese language, Portuguese: ''Revolução Federalista'') was a civil war that took place in southern Brazil between 1893 and 1895, fought by the federalists, opponents of Rio Grande do Sul state president, Júlio de Castilhos (politician), Júlio de Castilhos, seeking greater autonomy for the state, decentralization of power by the newly installed First Brazilian Republic. Inspired by the Monarchism in Brazil, monarchist ideologies of Gaspar da Silveira Martins, who had been one of the most prominent politicians by the end of the monarchy and acted as political head of the revolution, the federalists had Gumercindo Saraiva as the military head supported by his brother Aparicio Saraiva, of the Uruguayan National Party (Uruguay), National Party, and by the Revolta da Armada, Navy rebels who, after being defeated at the capital following the Rio de Janeiro Affair, moved south to strengthen the federalist forces. Also known as maragato, ''maragatos'', ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Revolta Da Armada
The Brazilian Naval Revolts, or the Revoltas da Armada (in Portuguese), were armed mutiny, mutinies promoted mainly by admirals Custódio José de Melo and Saldanha da Gama and their fleet of rebel Brazilian navy ships against the claimed unconstitutional staying in power of president Floriano Peixoto. The United States supported the incumbent government against the insurgents. First revolt In November 1891, President Marshal Deodoro da Fonseca, amid a political crisis compounded by the effects of Encilhamento, an economic crisis, in flagrant violation of the new 1891 Brazilian Constitution, constitution, decided to "solve" the political crisis by ordering the closure of Congress, supported mainly by the São Paulo (State), Paulista oligarchy. The Navy, still resentful of the circumstances and outcomes of the Proclamation of the Republic (Brazil), coup that had put an end to the monarchy in Brazil, under the leadership of admiral Custódio José de Melo, rose up and threatene ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
