|
Council Of Constantinople (815)
The Council of Constantinople of 815 was held in the Byzantine capital, in the Hagia Sophia, and initiated the second period of the Byzantine Iconoclasm. Background The Ecumenical Council of Nicaea or Second Council of Nicaea (787) allowed icon veneration. However, there were monks at the Studion Monastery in Constantinople who were iconoclasts (opposed to icons). History Shortly before it convened, the iconophile Patriarch Nikephoros I was deposed by Emperor Leo V the Armenian (813-820) in favour of the iconoclast Theodotos I (patriarch from 815-821). Theodotos presided over the council, which reinstated iconoclasm, repudiating the Second Council of Nicaea and reaffirming the decisions of the Council of Hieria of 754. Although the meeting had been convened at the behest of the iconoclast Emperor, much of the Iconoclast effort was driven by other clerics, including the later patriarchs Antony I and John VII. In the aftermath of this synod Theodotos is represented as tort ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Patriarch Theodotos Melissenos Propagates Iconoclasm
The highest-ranking bishops in Eastern Orthodoxy, Oriental Orthodoxy, the Roman Catholic Church (above major archbishop In the Eastern Catholic Churches, major archbishop (sometimes also styled as major archeparch) is a title for the chief hierarch ("Father and Head") of an autonomous ('' sui juris'') particular Church that has not been "endowed with the patriarc ... and primate (bishop), primate), the Hussite Church, Church of the East, and some Independent Catholicism, Independent Catholic Churches are termed patriarchs (and in certain cases also ''Pope (word), popes'' – such as the pope of Rome or pope of Alexandria). The word is derived from Greek language, Greek πατριάρχης (''patriarchēs''), meaning "chief or father of a family", a compound of πατριά (''patria''), meaning "family", and ἄρχειν (''archein''), meaning "to rule". Originally, a ''patriarch'' was a man who exercised authority as a pater familias over an extended family. The system o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Theodotos I Of Constantinople
Theodotus I of Constantinople ou ''Theodotos I Kassiteras'', latinised as ''Theodotus I Cassiteras'' ( or Κασσιτηρᾶς; - died January 821) was the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from 1 April 815 to January 821.. Theodotus was born in Nakoleia, as the son of the '' patrician'' Michael Melissenos by the sister of Eudokia, the last wife of Emperor Constantine V. Theodotus had become attached to the court bureaucracy and was a confidant of Emperor Michael I Rangabe. By the time Michael I Rangabe was deposed by Leo V the Armenian in 813, Theodotus I was an elderly '' spatharokandidatos'', whom the near-contemporary Scriptor Incertus describes as "meek" and "uneducated". On 14 March 815, Leo V forced the resignation of Patriarch Nicephorus I of Constantinople, and appointed the pro-iconoclast Theodotus Melissenos in his place. Later in 815, the new patriarch presided over a Church council in Constantinople, which overturned the Second Council of Nicaea and rein ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Church Councils In Constantinople
Church may refer to: Religion * Church (building), a place/building for Christian religious activities and praying * Church (congregation), a local congregation of a Christian denomination * Church service, a formalized period of Christian communal worship * Christian denomination, a Christian organization with distinct doctrine and practice * Christian Church, either the collective body of all Christian believers, or early Christianity Places United Kingdom * Church, a former electoral ward of Kensington and Chelsea London Borough Council that existed from 1964 to 2002 * Church (Liverpool ward), a Liverpool City Council ward * Church (Reading ward), a Reading Borough Council ward * Church (Sefton ward), a Metropolitan Borough of Sefton ward * Church, Lancashire, England United States * Church, Iowa, an unincorporated community * Church Lake, a lake in Minnesota * Church, Michigan, ghost town Arts, entertainment, and media * '' Church magazine'', a pastoral theology maga ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eastern Orthodox Church Councils
Eastern or Easterns may refer to: Transportation Airlines *China Eastern Airlines, a current Chinese airline based in Shanghai * Eastern Air, former name of Zambia Skyways *Eastern Air Lines, a defunct American airline that operated from 1926 to 1991 * Eastern Air Lines (2015), an American airline that began operations in 2015 *Eastern Airlines, LLC, previously Dynamic International Airways, a U.S. airline founded in 2010 * Eastern Airways, an English/British regional airline *Eastern Provincial Airways, a defunct Canadian airline that operated from 1949 to 1986 Roads * Eastern Avenue (other), various roads * Eastern Parkway (other), various parkways * Eastern Freeway, Melbourne, Australia * Eastern Freeway Mumbai, Mumbai, India Other * Eastern Railway (other), various railroads *, a cargo liner in service 1946-65 Education * Eastern University (other) *Eastern College (other) Sports * Easterns (cricket team), South Afr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
9th-century Church Councils
The 9th century was a period from 801 (represented by the Roman numerals DCCCI) through 900 (CM) in accordance with the Julian calendar. The Carolingian Renaissance and the Viking raids occurred within this period. In the Middle East, the House of Wisdom was founded in Abbasid Baghdad, attracting many scholars to the city. The field of algebra was founded by the Muslim polymath al-Khwarizmi. The most famous Islamic scholar Ahmad ibn Hanbal was tortured and imprisoned by Abbasid official Ahmad ibn Abi Du'ad during the reign of Abbasid caliph al-Mu'tasim and caliph al-Wathiq. In Southeast Asia, the height of the Mataram Kingdom happened in this century, while Burma would see the establishment of the major kingdom of Pagan. Tang China started the century with the effective rule under Emperor Xianzong and ended the century with the Huang Chao rebellions. In America, the Maya experienced widespread political collapse in the central Maya region, resulting in internecine ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Iconodule
Iconodulism (also iconoduly or iconodulia) designates the religious service to icons (kissing and honourable veneration, incense, and candlelight). The term comes from Neoclassical Greek εἰκονόδουλος (''eikonodoulos'') (from – ''icon (image)'' + – ''servant''), meaning "one who serves images (icons)". It is also referred to as iconophilism (also iconophily or iconophilia from – ''icon (image)'' + – ''love'') designating a positive attitude towards the religious use of icons. In the history of Christianity, iconodulism (or iconophilism) was manifested as a moderate position, between two extremes: iconoclasm (radical opposition to the use of icons) and iconolatry (idolatric veritable (full) adoration of icons). History In contrast to moderate or respectful adoration, various forms of latria of icons (''iconolatry'') were also starting to appear, mainly in popular worship. Since veritable (full) adoration was reserved for God alone, such an attitude t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Council Of Hieria
The Council of Hieria was a Christian council of 754 which viewed itself as ecumenical, but was later rejected by the Second Council of Nicaea (787) and by Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches, since four of the five major patriarchs refused to participate. However it is preferred over Second Nicaea by some Protestants. The council was significant in the controversy of Byzantine iconoclasm, condemning the veneration and production of religious icons as idolatrous and pagan, reflecting Byzantine Emperor Constantine V's iconoclasm. This council declared itself the 'Seventh Ecumenical Council'. Background Quotations in the writings of Patriarch Nikephoros I of Constantinople (–828) show that Constantine was a competent theologian. He waited until the episcopal see of Constantinople to become vacant, which occurred in January 754 with the death of Patriarch Anastasius of Constantinople, before convoking the council. The council was convoked by Constantine in the palac ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Second Council Of Nicaea
The Second Council of Nicaea is recognized as the last of the first seven ecumenical councils by the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Catholic Church. In addition, it is also recognized as such by Old Catholic Church, Old Catholics and others. Protestantism, Protestant opinions on it are varied. The Council assembled in 787 AD in Nicaea (site of the First Council of Nicaea; present-day İznik, Bursa Province, Bursa, in Turkey), to restore the use and veneration of icons (or holy images),Gibbon, p. 1693. which had been suppressed by emperor, imperial edict inside the Byzantine Empire during the reign of Leo III the Isaurian, Leo III (717–741). His son, Constantine V (741–775), had held the Council of Hieria to make the suppression official. The Council determined that the honorary veneration (''timētikē proskynēsis'') of icons was permitted, and that the true adoration (''alēthinē latreia'') was reserved for God alone. It further stated that the honor paid to the icon e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Leo V The Armenian
Leo V the Armenian (, ''Léōn ho Arménios''; 775 – 25 December 820) was the Byzantine emperor from 813 to 820. He is chiefly remembered for ending the decade-long war with the First Bulgarian Empire, Bulgars, as well as initiating the second period of Byzantine iconoclasm. A senior general of Armenian origin, Leo distinguished himself under Nikephoros I and Michael I Rhangabe, eventually becoming the ''strategos, stratēgos'' of the Anatolic Theme. Taking advantage of Michael's defeat at the Battle of Versinikia, he forced the emperor to abdicate in his favour. He was able to withhold the Siege of Constantinople (813), blockade of Constantinople by Krum, Krum of Bulgaria and, after Krum's death, concluded a Byzantine–Bulgarian treaty of 815, 30-year peace with his successor Omurtag of Bulgaria, Omurtag. In 815, Leo deposed Patriarch Nikephoros I of Constantinople, Nikephoros and reinstituted iconoclasm. He was assassinated by supporters of Michael II, Michael the Amorian, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Byzantine
The Byzantine Empire, also known as the Eastern Roman Empire, was the continuation of the Roman Empire centred on Constantinople during late antiquity and the Middle Ages. Having survived the events that caused the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th centuryAD, it endured until the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Empire in 1453. The term 'Byzantine Empire' was coined only after its demise; its citizens used the term 'Roman Empire' and called themselves 'Romans'. During the early centuries of the Roman Empire, the western provinces were Latinised, but the eastern parts kept their Hellenistic culture. Constantine I () legalised Christianity and moved the capital to Constantinople. Theodosius I () made Christianity the state religion and Greek gradually replaced Latin for official use. The empire adopted a defensive strategy and, throughout its remaining history, experienced recurring cycles of decline and recovery. It reached its greatest extent un ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nikephoros I Of Constantinople
Nikephoros I (; – 5 April 828) was a Byzantine writer and Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from 12 April 806 to 13 March 815. Life He was born in Constantinople as the son of Theodore and Eudokia, of a strictly Orthodox family, which had suffered from the earlier Iconoclasm. His father Theodore, one of the secretaries of Emperor Constantine V, had been scourged and banished to Nicaea for his zealous support of Iconodules,Johann Peter Kirsch, "St. Nicephorus", Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 11, New York, Robert Appleton Company, 1911 and the son inherited the religious convictions of the father. While still young Nicephorus was brought to the court, where he became an imperial secretary and entered the service of the Empire. Under [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Iconophile
Iconodulism (also iconoduly or iconodulia) designates the religious service to icons (kissing and honourable veneration, incense, and candlelight). The term comes from Neoclassical Greek εἰκονόδουλος (''eikonodoulos'') (from – ''icon (image)'' + – ''servant''), meaning "one who serves images (icons)". It is also referred to as iconophilism (also iconophily or iconophilia from – ''icon (image)'' + – ''love'') designating a positive attitude towards the religious use of icons. In the history of Christianity, iconodulism (or iconophilism) was manifested as a moderate position, between two extremes: iconoclasm (radical opposition to the use of icons) and iconolatry (idolatric veritable (full) adoration of icons). History In contrast to moderate or respectful adoration, various forms of latria of icons (''iconolatry'') were also starting to appear, mainly in popular worship. Since veritable (full) adoration was reserved for God alone, such an attitude to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
