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Comparison Of E-book Formats
The following is a comparison of e-book formats used to create and publish e-books. The EPUB format is the most widely supported e-book format, supported by most e-book readers including Amazon Kindle devices. Most e-book readers also support the PDF and plain text formats. E-book software, like the cross-platform Calibre, can be used to convert e-books from one format to another, as well as to create, edit and publish e-books. Format descriptions Formats available include, but are not limited to: Broadband eBooks (BBeB) The digital book format originally used by Sony Corporation. It is a proprietary format, but some reader software for general-purpose computers, particularly under Linux (for example, Calibre's internal viewer), have the capability to read it. The LRX file extension represents a DRM-encrypted e-book. More recently, Sony has converted its books from BBeB to EPUB and is now issuing new titles in EPUB. Comic Book Archive file Compiled HTML CHM format ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CURRENT
Currents, Current or The Current may refer to: Science and technology * Current (fluid), the flow of a liquid or a gas ** Air current, a flow of air ** Ocean current, a current in the ocean *** Rip current, a kind of water current ** Current (hydrology), currents in rivers and streams ** Convection current, flow caused by unstable density variation due to temperature differences * Current (mathematics), geometrical current in differential topology * Conserved current, a field associated to a symmetry in field theory * Electric current, a flow of electric charge through a medium * Thermal current, a flow of heat through a medium * IBM Current, an early personal information management program * Google Currents ** Google Currents (news app), an app developed by Google that provided electronic access to full-length magazine articles between 2011 and 2013 ** Google Currents (social app), an app developed by Google for internal enterprise communication between 2019 and 2023 * Probability ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Screen Reading
Screen reading is the act of reading a text on a computer screen, smartphone, e-book reader, Discovery Louis Émile Javal, a French ophthalmologist and founder of an ophthalmology laboratory in Paris is credited with the introduction of the term saccades into eye movement research. Javal discovered that while reading, one's eyes tend to jump across the text in saccades, and stop intermittently along each line in fixations. Because of the lack of technology at the time, naked-eye observations were used to observe eye movement, until later in the late 19th and mid-20th century eye-tracking experiments were conducted in an attempt to discover a pattern regarding eye fixations while reading. Research F-Pattern In a 1997 study conducted by Jakob Nielsen, a web usability expert who co-founded usability consulting company Nielsen Norman Group with Donald Norman, it was discovered that generally people read 25% slower on a computer screen in comparison with a printed page. The ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
IPadOS
iPadOS is a mobile operating system developed by Apple for its iPad line of tablet computers. It was given a name distinct from iOS, the operating system used by Apple's iPhones to reflect the diverging features of the two product lines, such as multitasking. It was introduced as iPadOS 13, reflecting its status as the successor to iOS 12 for the iPad, and first released to the public on September 24, 2019. Major versions of iPadOS are released annually; the current stable version, iPadOS 18.5, was released to the public on May 12, 2025. History The first iPad was introduced on January 10, 2010, and ran iPhone OS 3.2, which added support for the larger device to the operating system, previously only used on the iPhone and its smaller counterpart, the iPod Touch. This shared operating system was rebranded as iOS with the release of iOS 4 in June 2010. The operating system initially had rough feature parity running on the iPhone, iPod Touch, and iPad, with variations ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
IOS (Apple)
Ios, Io or Nio (, ; ; locally Nios, Νιός) is a Greek island in the Cyclades group in the Aegean Sea. Ios is a hilly island with cliffs down to the sea on most sides. It is situated halfway between Naxos and Santorini. It is about long and wide, with an area of . Population was 2,299 in 2021 (down from 3,500 in the 20th century). Ios is part of the Thira regional unit. Chora The Port of Ios is at the head of the Ormos harbour in the northwest. There is a path up the nearby hill to Chora, named after the Greek word for the main village on an island. Chora is a white and cycladic village, full of stairs and narrow paths that make it inaccessible for cars. Today, the main path through this village is completely taken over by tourism with restaurants, boutiques, bars and discothèques catering to visitors. Apart from the port and the village of Chora, Ios has a few small settlements that consist of groups of spread out houses in the background of major beaches (Theodo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Macintosh
Mac is a brand of personal computers designed and marketed by Apple Inc., Apple since 1984. The name is short for Macintosh (its official name until 1999), a reference to the McIntosh (apple), McIntosh apple. The current product lineup includes the MacBook Air and MacBook Pro laptops, and the iMac, Mac Mini, Mac Studio, and Mac Pro desktops. Macs are currently sold with Apple's UNIX-based macOS operating system, which is Proprietary software, not licensed to other manufacturers and exclusively Pre-installed software, bundled with Mac computers. This operating system replaced Apple's original Macintosh operating system, which has variously been named System, Mac OS, and Classic Mac OS. Jef Raskin conceived the Macintosh project in 1979, which was usurped and redefined by Apple co-founder Steve Jobs in 1981. The original Macintosh 128K, Macintosh was launched in January 1984, after Apple's 1984 (advertisement), "1984" advertisement during Super Bowl XVIII. A series of increment ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Apple Books
Apple Books (known as iBooks prior to iOS 12 and macOS 10.14 Mojave) is an e-book reading and store application by Apple Inc. for its iOS, iPadOS and macOS operating systems and devices. It was announced, under the name iBooks, in conjunction with the iPad on January 27, 2010, and was released for the iPhone and iPod Touch in mid-2010, as part of the iOS 4 update. Initially, iBooks was not pre-loaded onto iOS devices, but users could install it free of charge from the iTunes App Store. With the release of iOS 8, it became an integrated app. On June 10, 2013, at the Apple Worldwide Developers Conference, Craig Federighi announced that iBooks would also be provided with OS X Mavericks in Fall 2013. It primarily receives EPUB content from the Apple Books store, but users can also add their own EPUB and Portable Document Format (PDF) files via data synchronization with iTunes. Additionally, the files can be downloaded to Apple Books through Safari or Apple Mail. It is also capable ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
BlackBerry
BlackBerry is a discontinued brand of handheld devices and related mobile services, originally developed and maintained by the Canadian company Research In Motion (RIM, later known as BlackBerry Limited) until 2016. The first BlackBerry device launched in 1999 in North America, running on the Mobitex network (later also DataTAC) and became very popular because of its "always on" state and ability to send and receive email messages wirelessly. The BlackBerry pioneered push notifications and popularized the practise of " thumb typing" using its QWERTY keyboard, something that would become a trademark feature of the line. In its early years, the BlackBerry proved to be a major advantage over the (typically) one-way communication pagers and it also removed the need for users to tether to personal computers. It became especially used in the corporate world in the US and Canada. RIM debuted the BlackBerry in Europe in September 2001, but it had less appeal there where text mess ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kobo EReader
The Kobo eReader is an e-reader produced by Toronto-based Kobo Inc (a subsidiary of Rakuten). The company's name is an anagram of "book". The original version was released in May 2010 and was marketed as a minimalist alternative to the more expensive e-book readers available at the time. Like most e-readers, the Kobo uses an electronic ink screen.. The Arc tablet series, released between 2011 and 2013, was based on LCD technology instead. E-ink devices Current Common attributes All Kobo e-readers share a unique pagination system which gives users the option to either count and reference pages separately within each chapter, or in the book as a whole. Up until an update in January 2022, Kobo readers required connection to the Internet during the initial setup phase and did not work until they were connected to Kobo's servers; however, they now support "sideload mode", which allows the reader to be used without registering it to a Kobo account. Kobo e-readers support view ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
International Digital Publishing Forum
The International Digital Publishing Forum (IDPF) was a trade and standards association for the digital publishing industry, set up to establish a standard for electronic book publishing. It was responsible for the EPUB standard currently used by most e-readers. Starting from the Open eBook (OEB) Publication Structure (1999), created loosely around HTML, it then defined the OPS (Open Publication Structure), the OPF (Open Packaging Format) and the OCF (Open Container Format). These formats are the basis for EPUB. While the basic standards are established (pages, hyperlinks, definition of table of contents, authors, etc.), the hardware field intersects with some other standards, such as those for power of the hardware reader devices, and as of 2017 are still developing. Standards for ecommerce (including digital rights management) are tied to the way the ebook is sold or delivered and are therefore controlled by vendors. On January 30, 2017, IDPF was combined with and absorbed in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
OEBPS
Open eBook (OEB), or formally, the Open eBook Publication Structure (OEBPS), is a legacy e-book format which has been superseded by the EPUB format. It was "based primarily on technology developed by SoftBook Press" and on XML. OEB was released with a free version belonging to public domain and a full version to be used with or without DRM by the publishing industry. Open eBook is a ZIP file plus a Manifest file. Inside the package a defined subset of XHTML may be used, along with CSS and Dublin Core metadata. The default file extension is .opf (OEB Package Format). Specification release history * September 2007 – ''Open Publication Structure (OPS) 2.0, EPUB. Released, supersedes the OEBPS 1.2'' * August 2002 – ''OEBPS 1.2 Recommended Specification Released'' * June 2001 – ''OEBPS 1.0.1 replaces OEBPS 1.0'' * September 1999 – ''Open eBook Publication Structure (OEBPS) 1.0 released'' Reader software * SoftBook * Adobe Digital Editions * FBReader – GPL e-book reader for ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
DOCX
Office Open XML (also informally known as OOXML) is a zipped, XML-based file format developed by Microsoft for representing spreadsheets, charts, presentations and word processing documents. Ecma International standardized the initial version as ECMA-376. ISO and IEC standardized later versions as ISO/IEC 29500. Microsoft Office 2010 provides read support for ECMA-376, full support for ISO/IEC 29500 Transitional, and read support for ISO/IEC 29500 Strict. Microsoft Office 2013 and later fully support ISO/IEC 29500 Strict, but do not use it as the default file format because of backwards compatibility concerns. Background In 2000, Microsoft released an initial version of an XML-based format for Microsoft Excel, which was incorporated in Office XP. In 2002, a new file format for Microsoft Word followed. The Excel and Word formats—known as the Microsoft Office XML formats—were later incorporated into the 2003 release of Microsoft Office. Microsoft announced in November ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
