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Communication During The September 11, 2001 Attacks
Communication problems and successes played an important role during the September 11 attacks in 2001 and their aftermath. Systems were variously destroyed or overwhelmed by loads greater than they were designed to carry, or failed to operate as intended or desired. Attackers The organizers of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks apparently planned and coordinated their mission in face to face meetings and used little or no electronic communication. This " radio silence" made their plan more difficult to detect. Federal government According to 9/11 Commission staff statement No. 17 there were several communications failures at the federal government level during and after the 9/11 attacks. Perhaps the most serious occurred in an "Air Threat Conference Call" initiated by the National Military Command Center (NMCC) after two planes had crashed into the World Trade Center, but shortly before The Pentagon was hit. The participants were unable to include the Federal Aviati ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Communication
Communication is commonly defined as the transmission of information. Its precise definition is disputed and there are disagreements about whether Intention, unintentional or failed transmissions are included and whether communication not only transmits semantics, meaning but also creates it. Models of communication are simplified overviews of its main components and their interactions. Many models include the idea that a source uses a code, coding system to express information in the form of a message. The message is sent through a Communication channel, channel to a receiver who has to decode it to understand it. The main field of inquiry investigating communication is called communication studies. A common way to classify communication is by whether information is exchanged between humans, members of other species, or non-living entities such as computers. For human communication, a central contrast is between Verbal communication, verbal and non-verbal communication. Verba ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Repeater
In telecommunications, a repeater is an electronic device that receives a signal and retransmits it. Repeaters are used to extend transmissions so that the signal can cover longer distances or be received on the other side of an obstruction. Some types of repeaters broadcast an identical signal, but alter its method of transmission, for example, on another frequency or baud rate. There are several different types of repeaters; a telephone repeater is an amplifier in a telephone line, an optical repeater is an optoelectronic circuit that amplifies the light beam in an optical fiber cable; and a radio repeater is a radio receiver and transmitter that retransmits a radio signal. A broadcast relay station is a repeater used in broadcast radio and television. Overview When an information-bearing signal passes through a communication channel, it is progressively degraded due to loss of power. For example, when a telephone call passes through a wire telephone line, some of the p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Betty Ong
Betty Ann Ong (February 5, 1956 - September 11, 2001) was an American Airlines flight attendant who was onboard American Airlines Flight 11, the first airplane hijacked during the September 11 attacks. Ong was the first person to alert authorities to the hijackings taking place that day. Shortly after the hijacking, Ong notified the American Airlines ground crew of the hijacking, staying on the radiophone for 23 minutes to relay vital information that led to the closing of airspace by the FAA, a first in United States history. For this, the 9/11 Commission declared Ong a hero. Life and career Betty Ann Ong was born on February 5, 1956, in San Francisco. She was of Kaiping descent, a branch of Sze Yup Cantonese, and had two sisters, Cathie and Gloria, and a brother named Harry. She attended George Washington High School, graduating in 1974. Among her hobbies as an adult was collecting Beanie Babies. Betty was once approached for work in modeling, but her mother disapproved of th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Madeline Amy Sweeney
Madeline Amy Sweeney ( Todd; December 14, 1965 – September 11, 2001) was an American flight attendant who was killed when American Airlines Flight 11 was deliberately crashed into the World Trade Center by hijackers during the September 11 attacks. American Airlines Flight 11 On September 11, 2001, Sweeney, who had been a flight attendant for 12 years, was asked by American Airlines to take an extra shift because the other crew member, who was assigned to the position, was ill. Normally, she would only work part-time on weekends. At approximately 7:15 a.m., before the plane had taken off, Sweeney made a cellular telephone call to her husband Mike, from the plane – which he deemed to be "highly unusual". She was feeling low about being at work and missing out on a chance to see their five-year old daughter Anna, a kindergartener, off to school. Mike comforted her by saying she would have plenty of days ahead to see their kids off to school. After the plan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Barbara Olson
Barbara Kay Olson (née Bracher; December 27, 1955September 11, 2001) was an American lawyer and conservative television commentator who worked for CNN, Fox News Channel, and several other outlets. She was a passenger on American Airlines Flight 77 en route to a taping of Bill Maher's television show ''Politically Incorrect'' when it was flown into the Pentagon in the September 11 attacks. Early life Olson was born Barbara Kay Bracher in Houston, Texas, on December 27, 1955. Her older sister, Toni Bracher-Lawrence, was a member of the Houston City Council from 2004 to 2010. She graduated from Waltrip High School. Personal life She married Theodore Olson in 1996, becoming his third wife. Olson was a frequent critic of the Bill Clinton administration and wrote a book about then– First Lady Hillary Clinton, ''Hell to Pay: The Unfolding Story of Hillary Rodham Clinton'' (1999). Olson's second book, ''The Final Days: The Last, Desperate Abuses of Power by the Clinton White House ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jeremy Glick (September 11 Attack Victim)
Jeremy Logan Glick (September 3, 1970 – September 11, 2001) was an American passenger on board United Airlines Flight 93, which was hijacked and crashed as part of the September 11 attacks. Aware of the earlier attacks at the World Trade Center, Glick and some of his fellow passengers attempted to foil the hijacking. During a struggle to reclaim the aircraft, it crashed into a field in Stonycreek Township near Shanksville, Pennsylvania, killing all 33 passengers and seven crew members on board, along with the four hijackers. Personal life Glick was born September 3, 1970, the middle child, and middle son of Joan and Lloyd Glick of Hewitt, New Jersey. Glick and his five siblings, all of whose names begin with the letter "J", grew up in a Jewish family in Saddle River, New Jersey. He attended Saddle River Day School, where in the 7th grade, he met his future wife, Lyzbeth. They became high school sweethearts, and were prom king and queen in 1988. Glick was an American Nation ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mark Bingham
Mark Kendall Bingham (May 22, 1970 – September 11, 2001) was an American public relations executive who founded his own company, the Bingham Group. During the September 11 attacks in 2001, he was a passenger on board United Airlines Flight 93. Bingham was among the passengers who, along with Todd Beamer, Tom Burnett (Flight 93 passenger), Tom Burnett and Jeremy Glick, formed the plan to retake the plane from the Aircraft hijacking, hijackers, and led the effort that resulted in the crash of the plane into a field near Shanksville, Pennsylvania, thwarting the hijackers' plan to crash the plane into a building in Washington, D.C., most likely either the United States Capitol, U.S. Capitol Building or the White House. Bingham's efforts on United Flight 93, as well as his athletic physique, were noted for having prompted a reassessment of LGBT stereotypes, gay stereotypes. Early life Mark Bingham was born on May 22, 1970, the only child of Alice Hoagland and Gerald Bingham. When M ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tom Burnett (Flight 93 Passenger)
Thomas Edward Burnett Jr. (May 29, 1963 – September 11, 2001) was an American who was the vice-president and chief operating officer of Thoratec Corporation, a medical devices company based in Pleasanton, California; he resided in nearby San Ramon, California. On September 11, 2001, Burnett was a passenger on board United Airlines Flight 93, which was hijacked as part of the September 11 attacks. He, along with other passengers, formed the plan to retake the plane from the hijackers, and led the effort that resulted in the crash of the plane into a field in Stonycreek Township near Shanksville, Pennsylvania, thwarting the plan of the hijackers to crash the plane into a building in Washington, D.C., most likely either the U.S. Capitol Building or the White House. Early life Thomas Edward Burnett Jr. was born on May 29, 1963, the son of Thomas Burnett Sr. and Beverly Burnett. Burnett and his sisters grew up in Bloomington, Minnesota. He attended Ridgeview Elementary School, t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Todd Beamer
Todd Morgan Beamer (November 24, 1968 – September 11, 2001) was an American passenger aboard United Airlines Flight 93, which was aircraft hijacking, hijacked and crashed as part of the September 11 attacks in 2001. He was one of the passengers who attempted to regain control of the aircraft from the hijackers. During the struggle, the Boeing 757 lost control and crashed into a field in Stonycreek Township, Somerset County, Pennsylvania, Stonycreek Township near Shanksville, Pennsylvania, killing everyone on board, but saving United Airlines Flight 93#Possible targets, the hijackers' intended target and potential additional victims. Biography Todd Beamer was born on November 24, 1968, in Flint, Michigan, to David Beamer, an IBM sales representative, and Peggy Jackson Beamer, a muralist,Evensen, Bruce J. (2009)"Beamer, Todd Morgan" ''American National Biography''. Retrieved May 14, 2014. the middle child of three and only son. Beamer and his two sisters, Melissa and Michele, wer ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sandra Bradshaw
United Airlines Flight 93 was a domestic scheduled passenger flight that was hijacked by four al-Qaeda terrorists on the morning of September 11, 2001, as part of the September 11 attacks. The hijackers planned to crash the plane into a federal government building in the national capital of Washington, D.C. The mission became a partial failure when the passengers fought back, forcing the terrorists to crash the plane in Somerset County, Pennsylvania, preventing them from reaching al-Qaeda's intended target, but killing everyone aboard the flight. The airliner involved, a Boeing 757-200 with 44 passengers and crew, was flying United Airlines' daily scheduled morning flight from Newark International Airport in New Jersey to San Francisco International Airport in California, making it the only plane hijacked that day not to be a Los Angeles–bound flight. Forty-six minutes into the flight, the hijackers murdered one passenger, stormed the cockpit, and struggled with the pilots ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Amateur Radio
Amateur radio, also known as ham radio, is the use of the radio frequency radio spectrum, spectrum for purposes of non-commercial exchange of messages, wireless experimentation, self-training, private recreation, radiosport, contesting, and emergency, emergency communications. The term ''"radio amateur"'' is used to specify ''"a duly authorized person interested in radioelectric practice with a purely personal aim and without wikt:pecuniary, pecuniary interest"'' (either direct monetary or other similar reward); and to differentiate it from commercial broadcasting, public safety (police and fire), or two-way radio professional services (maritime, aviation, taxis, etc.). The amateur radio service (''amateur service'' and ''amateur-satellite service'') is established by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) through their recommended radio regulations. National governments regulate technical and operational characteristics of transmissions and issue individual station li ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
7 World Trade Center (1987–2001)
7 World Trade Center (7 WTC, WTC-7, or Tower 7), colloquially known as Building 7 or the Salomon Brothers Building, was an office building constructed as part of the original World Trade Center (1973–2001), World Trade Center Complex in Lower Manhattan, New York City. The tower was located on a city block bounded by West Broadway, Vesey Street, Washington Street (Manhattan), Washington Street, and Barclay Street on the east, south, west, and north, respectively. It was developed by Larry Silverstein, who held a Ground rent, ground lease for the site from the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, and designed by Emery Roth, Emery Roth & Sons. It was destroyed during the September 11 attacks. The original Trade Center was tall, clad in red granite masonry, and occupied a trapezoidal footprint. An elevated walkway spanning Vesey Street connected the building to the World Trade Center plaza. The building was situated above a Consolidated Edison power substation, which imp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
