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Colla People
The Qulla ( Quechuan for ''south'', Hispanicized and mixed spellings: ''Colla, Kolla'') are an Indigenous people of western Bolivia, northern Chile, and the western portions of Jujuy and Salta provinces in Argentina. The 2004 Complementary Indigenous Survey reported 53,019 Qulla households living in Argentina. They moved freely between the borders of Argentina and Bolivia."Argentina: Current information on abuses committed against the Kolla." ''Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada.'' 1 June 1993 (retrieved 29 April 2011) While mostly living in arid highlands, their easternmost lands are part of the yungas, an altitude forests at the edge of the |
Chakana
The chakana or Andean cross (also "stepped cross", "step motif", or "stepped motif") is a stepped cross motif used by the Inca and pre-incan Andean societies. The most commonly used variation of this symbol today is made up of an equal-armed cross indicating the cardinal points of the compass and a superimposed square. Chakana means 'bridge', and means 'to cross over' in Quechuan languages, Quechua. The Andean cross motif appears in pre-contact artifacts such as textiles and ceramics from such cultures as the ChavÃn culture, ChavÃn, Wari, Chancay culture, Chancay, and Tiwanaku Empire, Tiwanaku, but with no particular emphasis and no key or guide to a means of interpretation. The anthropologist Alan Kolata calls the Andean cross "one of the most ubiquitous, if least understood elements in Tiwanaku iconography". The Andean cross symbol has a long cultural tradition spanning 4,000 years up to the Inca Empire. Andean cross with central eye motif Ancient Tiwanaku Qirus sometimes bea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Teresa Gisbert
Teresa Gisbert Carbonell de Mesa (30 November 1926 – 19 February 2018) was a Bolivian architect and art historian. She specialized in the history of the Andean region. Biography Teresa Gisbert Carbonell was born on 30 November 1926 in La Paz, Bolivia. Her family emigrated from Spain. She earned a bachelor's degree in arquitecture and urbanism in the Higher University of San Andrés (La Paz) in 1950. After finishing her studies, Teresa Gisbert travelled to Spain, along with her husband José de Mesa, whom she had married in 1950, to complete her graduate studies in art history. De Mesa and Gisbert had four children: Carlos, Andrés, Isabel and Teresa Guiomar. During her staying in Spain, between 1953 and 1962,she served as a researcher at the Laboratory of Art of the University of Seville and at the Diego Velasquez Art Institute. From 1954 to 1970, she taught Bolivian culture and art history in the Faculty of Humanities at the Higher University of San Andrés and in 1972 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Puquina Language
Puquina (or Pukina) is an extinct language once spoken by a native ethnic group in the region surrounding Lake Titicaca (Peru and Bolivia) and in the north of Chile. It is often associated with the culture that built Tiwanaku. Remnants of Puquina can be found in the Quechuan and Spanish languages spoken in the south of Peru, mainly in Arequipa, Moquegua and Tacna, as well as in Bolivia. There also seem to be remnants in the Kallawaya language, which may be a mixed language formed from Quechuan languages and Puquina. (Terrence Kaufman (1990) finds the proposal plausible.) Some theories claim that "Qhapaq Simi", the cryptic language of the nobility of the Inca Empire, was closely related to Puquina, and that ''Runa Simi'' (Quechuan languages) were spoken by commoners. Moulian ''et al.'' (2015) argue that Puquina language influenced Mapuche language of southern Chile long before the rise of the Inca Empire. This areal linguistic influence may have started with a migratory wave ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
South Bolivian Quechua
South Bolivian Quechua, also known as Central Bolivian Quechua, is a dialect of Southern Quechua spoken in Bolivia and adjacent areas of Argentina, where it is also known as ''Colla''. It is not to be confused with North Bolivian Quechua, which is spoken on the northern Andean slopes of Bolivia and is phonologically distinct from the South Bolivian variety. Estimates of the number of speakers of South Bolivian Quechua range from 2.3Moseley, Christopher (ed.). 2010"Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger, 3rd edn."Paris, UNESCO Publishing. Online version." to 2.8 million,"Bolivia" at '''' (17th ed., 2013) making it the most spoken [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Qullamarka
Qullamarka is a coordinating platform for Kolla organizations based in the province of Salta in Northern Argentina. It comprises community organizations and includes OCAN (Organizations Aboriginal Communities Nazarene), UCAV (Union of Indigenous Communities Victoreñas), CIKDI (Kolla Indigenous Council of Iruya), CIPKT (Kolla Pueblo Indian Community Tinkunaku), and CIACRL (Indigenous Community of Upper River Basin Lipeo). In total, Qullamarka represents 80 communities spread over a territory of more than 1 million hectares in the Province of Salta. Qullamarka uses the emblem wipala and the Inca Cross - Chakana The chakana or Andean cross (also "stepped cross", "step motif", or "stepped motif") is a stepped cross motif used by the Inca and pre-incan Andean societies. The most commonly used variation of this symbol today is made up of an equal-armed cross ... - as its symbols. Notes External links "Urtubey se comprometió a trabajar en las demandas de comunidades Kollas" Nu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cholera
Cholera () is an infection of the small intestine by some Strain (biology), strains of the Bacteria, bacterium ''Vibrio cholerae''. Symptoms may range from none, to mild, to severe. The classic symptom is large amounts of watery diarrhea lasting a few days. Vomiting and muscle cramps may also occur. Diarrhea can be so severe that it leads within hours to severe dehydration and electrolyte imbalance. This can in turn result in Enophthalmia, sunken eyes, cold or cyanotic skin, decreased skin elasticity, wrinkling of the hands and feet, and, in severe cases, death. Symptoms start two hours to five days after exposure. Cholera is caused by a number of Serotype, types of ''Vibrio cholerae'', with some types producing more severe disease than others. It is spread mostly by Waterborne diseases, unsafe water and Foodborne illness, unsafe food that has been contaminated with human feces containing the bacteria. Undercooked shellfish is a common source. Humans are the only known host fo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Buenos Aires
Buenos Aires, controlled by the government of the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, is the Capital city, capital and largest city of Argentina. It is located on the southwest of the RÃo de la Plata. Buenos Aires is classified as an Alpha− global city, according to the Globalization and World Cities Research Network, GaWC 2024 ranking. The city proper has a population of 3.1 million and its urban area 16.7 million, making it the List of metropolitan areas, twentieth largest metropolitan area in the world. It is known for its preserved eclecticism, eclectic European #Architecture, architecture and rich culture, cultural life. It is a multiculturalism, multicultural city that is home to multiple ethnic and religious groups, contributing to its culture as well as to the dialect spoken in the city and in some other parts of the country. This is because since the 19th century, the city, and the country in general, has been a major recipient of millions of Immigration to Argentina, im ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Malón De La Paz
The Malón de la Paz was a march of Indigenous peoples of northwestern Argentina to the capital, Buenos Aires, demanding the restitution of their ancient lands, in 1946. The participants marched about 2,000 km to present their claims to President Juan Perón. Origin of the name '' Malón'' is an Argentine and Chilean Spanish word derived from Mapudungun ''malok'', "invade". It refers to a surprise incursion, as often conducted by aboriginals when attacking criollo (Spanish) settlements. The expression ''Malón de la Paz'' therefore means "Peace Incursion"; it is a kind of oxymoron. It was coined by one of the initial organizers of the march, the retired military engineer Mario Augusto Bertonasco. Background The lands originally inhabited by indigenous peoples in Argentina were almost completely occupied by the initial European settlers and by their descendants. In some regions the aboriginals were assimilated as cheap workforce for creole landowners; in others they were displ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Edelmiro Julián Farrell
Edelmiro Julián Farrell Plaul (; 12 February 1887 – 21 October 1980) was an Argentine general. He was the ''de facto'' president of Argentina between 1944 and 1946. Farrell had a great influence on later Argentine history by introducing his assistant Juan Perón into government and paving the way for Perón's subsequent political career. Early life He was born in 1887 in Villa de los Industriales (Lanús, Buenos Aires). He was the tenth son of Juan C. Farrell (1846–1887) and Catalina Plaul (1852–1917) and the grandson of Matthew Farrell (1803–1860) of County Longford, which was the family seat of the Farrell clan in Ireland as Lords of Annaly, and Mónica Ibáñez (1819–1867). Military career Farrell graduated from Argentine military school in 1907 as an infantry sub-lieutenant. He served in an Italian alpine regiment in Fascist Italy between 1924 and 1926. He then returned to Argentina. After the 1943 coup, Farrell was promoted to brigadier general and b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ñusta Huillac
Ñusta Huillac was a Qulla leader who rebelled against the Spanish in the Atacama Desert (present-day Tarapacá Region, Chile) in the 1780s. She was nicknamed La Tirana (Spanish for "the Tyrant") because of her alleged mistreatment of prisoners. The term ñusta comes from the Quechuan languages and (also spelled ''ñust'a'') was a name for princesses in the Inca Empire The Inca Empire, officially known as the Realm of the Four Parts (, ), was the largest empire in pre-Columbian America. The administrative, political, and military center of the empire was in the city of Cusco. The History of the Incas, Inca .... According to legend, she fell in love with Vasco de Almeida, one of her prisoners, and pleaded with her people for him. After her father's death, she became the leader of a group of former Incas who were brought to Chile to mine the silver of Huantajaya.Ethnic Groups of the Americas: An Encyclopedia. By James Minahan 2013 p. 213 Numerous tribes pledged their all ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chullpa
A ''chullpa'' is an ancient Aymara funerary tower originally constructed for a noble person or noble family. ''Chullpas'' are found across the Altiplano in Peru and Bolivia. The tallest are about high. The tombs at Sillustani in Peru are the most famous. Recent research has focused on the connection between ''chullpas'' and the ritual pathways etched into the landscape around Nevado Sajama, as well as possible patterns within ''chullpa'' sites. Description Corpses in each tomb were typically placed in a fetal position along with some of their belongings, including clothing and common equipment. In virtually all cases, the only opening to the tomb faces the rising sun in the east. The construction of the ''chullpa'' varied with ethnic group: in general, those of the north Altiplano are circular and constructed with stone, while those of the south are rectangular and constructed with adobe. Some are unadorned, while others have intricate carvings. At Sillustani, many of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Peru
Peru, officially the Republic of Peru, is a country in western South America. It is bordered in the north by Ecuador and Colombia, in the east by Brazil, in the southeast by Bolivia, in the south by Chile, and in the south and west by the Pacific Ocean. Peru is a Megadiverse countries, megadiverse country, with habitats ranging from the arid plains of the Pacific coastal region in the west, to the peaks of the Andes mountains extending from the north to the southeast of the country, to the tropical Amazon basin rainforest in the east with the Amazon River. Peru has Demographics of Peru, a population of over 32 million, and its capital and largest city is Lima. At , Peru is the List of countries and dependencies by area, 19th largest country in the world, and the List of South American countries by area, third largest in South America. Pre-Columbian Peru, Peruvian territory was home to Andean civilizations, several cultures during the ancient and medieval periods, and has one o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
