|
Coinage Shapes
Although the vast majority of coins are round, coins are made in a variety of other shapes, including squares, diamonds, hexagons, heptagons, octagons, decagons, and dodecagons. They have also been struck with scalloped (wavy) edges, and with holes in the middle. Coins in the shape of polygons often have rounded edges or are Reuleaux polygons. This article focuses mainly on circulating coins; a number of non-circulating commemorative coins have been made in special shapes, including guitars, pyramids, and maps. There is a list with more unusual shapes of non-circulating commemorative coins at the end of this page, that all have been issued officially by various countries. Triangular The Cook Islands have a circulating 2 dollar triangular coin with rounded corners. Squares and diamonds Indo-Greek coins were often square. Aruba has a large circulating square 50 cents coin. Many countries have struck square coins with rounded corners. Some of these, such as the Netherlands zin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Pentagon
In geometry, a pentagon () is any five-sided polygon or 5-gon. The sum of the internal angles in a simple polygon, simple pentagon is 540°. A pentagon may be simple or list of self-intersecting polygons, self-intersecting. A self-intersecting ''regular pentagon'' (or ''star polygon, star pentagon'') is called a pentagram. Regular pentagons A ''regular polygon, regular pentagon'' has Schläfli symbol and interior angles of 108°. A ''regular polygon, regular pentagon'' has five lines of reflectional symmetry, and rotational symmetry of order 5 (through 72°, 144°, 216° and 288°). The diagonals of a convex polygon, convex regular pentagon are in the golden ratio to its sides. Given its side length t, its height H (distance from one side to the opposite vertex), width W (distance between two farthest separated points, which equals the diagonal length D) and circumradius R are given by: :\begin H &= \frac~t \approx 1.539~t, \\ W= D &= \frac~t\approx 1.618~t, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Fifty Pence (British Coin)
The United Kingdom, British decimal fifty pence coin (often shortened to 50p in writing and speech) is a denomination of Coins of the United Kingdom, sterling coinage worth of one pound sterling, pound. Its Obverse and reverse, obverse has featured the profile of the current Monarchy of the United Kingdom, British monarch since the coin's introduction in 1969. , six different royal portraits have been used. there were an estimated 920 million 50p coins in circulation. The coin has proved popular with coin collectors, leading to numerous differing designs for both commemorative and circulating coins. Fifty pence coins are legal tender for amounts up to the sum of £10 when offered in repayment of a debt; however, the coin's legal tender status is not normally relevant for everyday transactions. History In 1967 the Deputy Master of the Royal Mint approached the Decimal Currency Board to ask for their advice on the introduction of a new coin. The 10-shilling note then in use was ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Twenty Pence (British Coin)
The United Kingdom, British decimal twenty pence coin (often shortened to 20p in writing and speech) is a denomination of Coins of the United Kingdom, sterling coinage worth of a Pound sterling, pound. Like the Fifty pence (British coin), 50p coin, it is an Curve of constant width, equilateral curve heptagon. Its obverse has featured the profile of the British monarch since the coin's introduction on 9 June 1982. As of March 2014 there were an estimated 2,765 million 20p coins in circulation, with an estimated face value of £553.025 million. Of this estimated number, between 50,000 and 200,000 coins are undated Mule (coin), mule coins minted in 2008 after the dies for the old and new designs were accidentally mixed up during the minting process. Beyond the usual commemorative versions, no 20 pence coins were minted for general circulation in 2017. This was because the concurrent introduction of the new version of the One pound (British coin), one pound coin had put enough 20 p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Heptagon
In geometry, a heptagon or septagon is a seven-sided polygon or 7-gon. The heptagon is sometimes referred to as the septagon, using ''Wikt:septa-, septa-'' (an elision of ''Wikt:septua-, septua-''), a Latin-derived numerical prefix, rather than ''Wikt:hepta-, hepta-'', a Greek language, Greek-derived numerical prefix (both are cognate), together with the suffix ''-gon'' for , meaning angle. Regular heptagon A regular polygon, regular heptagon, in which all sides and all angles are equal, has internal angles of 5π/7 radians (128 degree (angle), degrees). Its Schläfli symbol is . Area The area (''A'') of a regular heptagon of side length ''a'' is given by: :A = \fraca^2 \cot \frac \simeq 3.634 a^2. This can be seen by subdividing the unit-sided heptagon into seven triangular "pie slices" with Vertex (geometry), vertices at the center and at the heptagon's vertices, and then halving each triangle using the apothem as the common side. The apothem is half the cotangent of \pi/7 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Malagasy Ariary
The ariary ( sign: Ar; ISO 4217 code MGA) is the currency of Madagascar. It is notionally subdivided into 5 '' iraimbilanja'' and is one of only two non-decimal currencies currently circulating (the other is the '' Mauritanian ouguiya''). The names ariary and iraimbilanja derive from the pre-colonial currency, with ariary (from the Spanish word " real") being the name for a silver dollar. Iraimbilanja means "one iron weight" and was the name of an old coin worth of an ariary. However, as of May 2023, the unit is effectively obsolete since the iraimbilanja has practically no purchasing power, and the coins have fallen into disuse. History The ariary was introduced in 1961. It was equal to 5 Malagasy francs. Coins and banknotes were issued denominated in both francs and ariary, with the sub-unit of the ariary, the ''iraimbilanja'', worth of an ariary and therefore equal to the franc. The ariary replaced the franc as the official currency of Madagascar on 1 January 2005. Coins ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Burmese Kyat
The kyat ( or ; ; ISO 4217 code MMK) is the currency of Myanmar (Burma). The typical notation for the kyat is "K" (singular) and "Ks." (plural), placed before the numerals followed by "/-". Amounts less than K. 1/- are typically denoted with the number of pyas following "-/" (e.g. -/50 denotes half a kyat). The term ''kyat'' derives from the Myanmar units of measurement, Burmese unit ''kyattha'' (), equal to 16.3 (16.329324593) grams of silver. Current MMK exchange rates From 2001 to 2012, the official exchange rate varied between Ks. 5/75 and Ks. 6/70 per US dollar (Ks. 8/20 to Ks. 7/- per euro). However, the street rate (black market rate), which more accurately took into account the standing of the national economy, has varied from Ks. 750/- to Ks. 1,335/- per USD (Ks. 985/- to Ks. 1,475/- per EUR). The black market exchange rates (USD to MMK) decrease during the peak of the tourist season in Burma (December to January). During ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Burmese Way To Socialism
The Burmese Way to Socialism (), also known as the Burmese Road to Socialism, was the state ideology of the Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma, the socialist state governed by the Burma Socialist Programme Party (BSPP) from 1962 to 1988. After 1988 there was a similar term '' Burmese Way to Capitalism'' which was coined for the economic policies after Ne Win, beside that the first chairman of the junta was a supporter of the Burmese Way to Socialism. The Burmese Way to Socialism was introduced by the Union Revolutionary Council (URC), the military junta established by Ne Win and his allies in the Tatmadaw (Burmese military) after they overthrew the democratically elected government of Prime Minister U Nu in a coup d'état on 2 March 1962. It ceased to be Burma's state ideology in 1988, when the pro-democracy 8888 Uprising pressured BSPP officials to resign and adopt a multi-party system. However, the Tatmadaw instigated a coup d'état shortly afterwards and established ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Indian Rupee
The Indian rupee (symbol: ₹; code: INR) is the official currency of India. The rupee is subdivided into 100 '' paise'' (Hindi plural; singular: ''paisa''). The issuance of the currency is controlled by the Reserve Bank of India. The Reserve Bank derives this role from powers vested to it by the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934. Etymology Pāṇini (6th to 4th century BCE), the ancient Indian grammarian and logician, writes of the (). While it is unclear whether Panini was referring specifically to coinage, some scholars conclude that he uses the term ''rūpa'' to mean a piece of precious metal (typically silver) used as a coin, and a ''rūpya'' to mean a stamped piece of metal, a coin in the modern sense. The ''Arthashastra'', written by Chanakya, prime minister to the first Maurya emperor Chandragupta Maurya (), mentions silver coins as . Other types of coins, including gold coins (), copper coins (), and lead coins (), are also mentioned. The immediate precursor to t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Egyptian Pound
The Egyptian pound ( ; abbreviations: £, E£, £E, LE, or EGP in Latin alphabet, Latin, and in Arabic script, Arabic, ISO 4217, ISO code: EGP) is the official currency of Egypt. It is divided into 100 piastres, (or qirsh, ; ''plural'' ; abbreviation: PT, short for "piastre tarif")) and was historically divided into 1,000 milliemes ( ; , abbreviated to ''m'' or ''mill''). Since July 6, 2022, the 10- and 20-pound notes have been made out of polymer plastic paper. History At the beginning of the 19th century, Ottoman Egypt, Egypt and Ottoman Empire, Turkey shared a common currency, the Ottoman piastre, divided into 40 Para (currency), paras. However, under Muhammad Ali of Egypt, Muhammad Ali, Egypt started to issue its own coinage, and in 1834, , a decree was issued, adopting an exclusively Egyptian monetary system whereby Egypt went into a silver and gold bimetallic standard based on the Maria Theresa thaler rated at 20 piastres. The Maria Theresa thaler was a popular ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Kingdom Of Egypt
The Kingdom of Egypt () was the legal form of the Egyptian state during the latter period of the Muhammad Ali dynasty's reign, from the United Kingdom's recognition of Egyptian independence in 1922 until the abolition of the monarchy of Egypt and Sudan in 1953 following the Egyptian Revolution of 1952. Until the Anglo-Egyptian treaty of 1936, the Kingdom was only nominally independent, as the United Kingdom retained control of foreign relations, communications, the military, and Sudan. Officially, Sudan was governed as a condominium of the two states, however, in reality, true power in Sudan lay with the United Kingdom. Between 1936 and 1952, the United Kingdom continued to maintain its military presence, and its political advisers, at a reduced level. The legal status of Egypt had been highly convoluted, due to its ''de facto'' breakaway from the Ottoman Empire in 1805, its occupation by Britain in 1882, and the re-establishment of the Sultanate of Egypt (destroyed by th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Congolese Franc
The Congolese franc (, code ) is the currency of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. In the past, it was subdivided into 100 ''centimes''. However, centimes no longer have a practical value and are no longer used. In April 2024, 2,800 francs was equivalent to one United States dollar (US$1). First franc (1887–1967) Currency denominated in centimes and francs (called in Dutch) was first introduced in 1887 for use in the Congo Free State (1885–1908). After the Free State's annexation by Belgium, the currency continued in the Belgian Congo. The francs were equal in value to the Belgian franc. From 1916, the Congolese franc also circulated in Ruanda-Urundi (present day Rwanda and Burundi) and, from 1952, the currency was issued jointly in the names of the Belgian Congo and Ruanda-Urundi. After the independence of the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 1960, Ruanda-Urundi adopted its own franc, whilst, between 1960 and 1963, Katanga also issued a franc of its own. A curren ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
