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Chapan Rebellion
The Chapan rebellion was one of the largest peasant uprising against the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War. Taking place in March-April 1919, the uprising covered the territory of Syzran, Sengileevsky, Karsunsky districts of Simbirsk and the Stavropol and Melekessky districts of Samara. It got its name from the clothes of the rebels: the chapan - a winter coat, made of sheepskin, a special robe belted with a sash, a popular clothing among the peasants of the region during cold weather. The uprising was brutally suppressed, and its participants, mostly peasants, were subjected to terror and mass repression. Background It was caused by the requisitions of grain and forced levies that the villagers suffered at the hands of the Bolsheviks. At that time the white armies were preparing their advance from the Urals to Ufa, Izhevsk and Votkinsk, so the Bolsheviks required all the youth and food for defense. For this they used all possible means, including torture, and in many ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Russian Civil War
{{Infobox military conflict , conflict = Russian Civil War , partof = the Russian Revolution and the aftermath of World War I , image = , caption = Clockwise from top left: {{flatlist, *Soldiers of the Don Army *Soldiers of the Siberian Army *Suppression of the Kronstadt rebellion *American troop in Vladivostok during the intervention *Victims of the Red Terror in Crimea *Hanging of workers in Yekaterinoslav by the Austrians *A review of Red Army troops in Moscow. , date = 7 November 1917 – 16 June 1923{{Efn, The main phase ended on 25 October 1922. Revolt against the Bolsheviks continued in Central Asia and the Far East through the 1920s and 1930s.{{cite book, last=Mawdsley, first=Evan, title=The Russian Civil War, location=New York, publisher=Pegasus Books, year=2007, isbn=9781681770093, url=https://archive.org/details/russiancivilwar00evan, url-access=registration{{rp, 3,230(5 years, 7 months and 9 day ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Izhevsk
Izhevsk (russian: Иже́вск, p=ɪˈʐɛfsk; udm, Ижкар, ''Ižkar'', or , ''Iž'') is the capital city of Udmurtia, Russia. It is situated along the Izh River, west of the Ural Mountains in Eastern Europe. It is the 21st-largest city in Russia, and the most populous in Udmurtia, with over 600,000 inhabitants. From 1984 to 1987, the city was called Ustinov (russian: Усти́нов), named after Soviet Minister of Defence Dmitry Ustinov.Izhlife.ruКак Ижевск 900 дней был Устиновым The city is a major hub of industry, commerce, politics, culture and education in the Volga Region. It is known for its defense, engineering and metallurgy industries. Izhevsk has the titles of the Armory Capital of Russia and the City of Labor Glory. History Pioneer settlements The pioneer settlements on the territory where modern Izhevsk now stands were founded by Udmurts in the 5th century. There were two fortified settlements situated on the banks of t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
State Of Siege
A state of emergency is a situation in which a government is empowered to be able to put through policies that it would normally not be permitted to do, for the safety and protection of its citizens. A government can declare such a state during a natural disaster, civil unrest, armed conflict, medical pandemic or epidemic or other biosecurity risk. ''Justitium'' is its equivalent in Roman law—a concept in which the Roman Senate could put forward a final decree (''senatus consultum ultimum'') that was not subject to dispute yet helped save lives in times of strife. Relationship with international law Under international law, rights and freedoms may be suspended during a state of emergency, depending on the severity of the emergency and a government's policies. Use and viewpoints Though fairly uncommon in democracies, dictatorial regimes often declare a state of emergency that is prolonged indefinitely for the life of the regime, or for extended periods of time so that d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hungarians
Hungarians, also known as Magyars ( ; hu, magyarok ), are a nation and ethnic group native to Hungary () and historical Hungarian lands who share a common culture, history, ancestry, and language. The Hungarian language belongs to the Uralic language family. There are an estimated 15 million ethnic Hungarians and their descendants worldwide, of whom 9.6 million live in today's Hungary. About 2–3 million Hungarians live in areas that were part of the Kingdom of Hungary before the Treaty of Trianon in 1920 and are now parts of Hungary's seven neighbouring countries, Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia, and Austria. Significant groups of people with Hungarian ancestry live in various other parts of the world, most of them in the United States, Canada, Germany, France, the United Kingdom, Chile, Brazil, Australia, and Argentina. Hungarians can be divided into several subgroups according to local linguistic and cultural characteristics; subgroups with ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Komandarm 1st Rank
1st rank (russian: Командарм 1-го ранга) is the abbreviation to Commanding officer of the Army 1st class (russian: Командующий армией 1-го ранга, Komanduyushchiy armiyey 1-go ranga; ), and was a military rank in the Soviet Armed Forces of the USSR in the period from 1935 to 1940. It was also the designation to military personnel appointed to command an army group or front sized formation (XXXXX). Until 1940 it was the second highest military rank of the Red Army. It was equivalent to ''Komissar army 1st rank'' (ru: армейский комиссар 1-ого ранга) of the political staff in all military branches, ''Fleet Flag Officer 1st rank'' (ru: флагман флота 1-ого ранга) in the ''Soviet navy'', or to ''Komissar of state security 1st rank'' (ru: комиссар государственной безопасности 1-ого ранга). With the reintroduction of regular general ranks, the designation ''Koma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Valerian Kuybyshev
Valerian Vladimirovich Kuybyshev (russian: Валериа́н Влади́мирович Ку́йбышев; – 25 January 1935) was a Russian revolutionary, Red Army officer, and prominent Soviet politician. Biography Early years Born in Omsk in Siberia on , Kuybyshev studied at the , a Cadet Corps in Omsk. He joined the Bolshevik faction of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party in 1904. The following year, he entered the Imperial Military-medical Academy in Saint Petersburg, but was expelled in 1906 for controversial political activities. Revolutionary career Between 1906 and 1914 Kuybyshev carried out subversive activities for the Bolsheviks throughout the Russian Empire, for which he was exiled to Narym in Siberia. There—together with Yakov Sverdlov—he set up a local Bolshevik organization. In May 1912 he fled and returned to Omsk, where he was arrested the next month, and imprisoned for a year. He was transferred to Tambov to live independently unde ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Governorate
A governorate is an administrative division of a state. It is headed by a governor. As English-speaking nations tend to call regions administered by governors either states or provinces, the term ''governorate'' is often used in translation from non-English-speaking administrations. The most common usage are as a translation of Persian "Farmandari" or the Arabic '' Muhafazah''. It may also refer to the '' guberniya'' and '' general-gubernatorstvo'' of Imperial Russia or the '' gobiernos'' of Imperial Spain. Arab countries The term governorate is widely used in Arab countries to describe an administrative unit. Some governorates combine more than one '' Muhafazah''; others closely follow traditional boundaries inherited from the Ottoman Empire's ''vilayet'' system. With the exception of Tunisia, all translations into the term governorate originate in the Arabic word ''muhafazah''. *Governorates of Bahrain *Governorates of Egypt * Governorates of Iraq (official translation, som ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
World War I
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was List of wars and anthropogenic disasters by death toll, one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fighting occurring throughout Europe, the Middle East, Africa, the Pacific Ocean, Pacific, and parts of Asia. An estimated 9 million soldiers were killed in combat, plus another 23 million wounded, while 5 million civilians died as a result of military action, hunger, and disease. Millions more died in Genocides in history (World War I through World War II), genocides within the Ottoman Empire and in the Spanish flu, 1918 influenza pandemic, which was exacerbated by the movement of combatants during the war. Prior to 1914, the European great powers were divided between the Triple Entente (comprising French Third Republic, France, Russia, and British Empire, Britain) and the Triple A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ulyanovsk
Ulyanovsk, known until 1924 as Simbirsk, is a city and the administrative center of Ulyanovsk Oblast, Russia, located on the Volga River east of Moscow. Population: The city, founded as Simbirsk (), was the birthplace of Vladimir Lenin (born Ulyanov), for whom it was renamed after his death in 1924; and of Alexander Kerensky, the leader of the Russian Provisional Government which Lenin overthrew during the October Revolution of 1917. It is also famous for its writers such as Ivan Goncharov, Nikolay Yazykov and Nikolay Karamzin, and for painters such as Arkady Plastov and Nikas Safronov. UNESCO has designated Ulyanovsk as a City of Literature since 2015. History Simbirsk was founded in 1648 by the boyar Bogdan Khitrovo. The fort of "Simbirsk" (alternatively "Sinbirsk") was strategically placed on a hill on the Western bank of the Volga River. The fort was meant to protect the eastern frontier of the Tsardom of Russia from the nomadic tribes and to establish a perman ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Soviet (council)
Soviets (singular: soviet; rus, сове́т, sovét, , literally "council" in English) were Political organisation, political organizations and governmental bodies of the former Russian Empire, primarily associated with the Russian Revolution, which gave the name to the latter state of the Soviet Union. Soviets were the main form of government in the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Russian SFSR, Makhnovshchina, Free Territory, and to a much lesser extent were active in the Russian Provisional Government. It also can mean any workers' council that is Socialism, socialist such as the Irish soviets. Soviets do not inherently need to adhere to the ideology of the later Soviet Union. Etymology "Soviet" is derived from a Russian language, Russian word meaning council, assembly, advice, harmony, or concord, uk, рада (''rada''); pl, rada; be, савет; uz, совет; kk, совет/кеңес; ka, საბჭო; az, совет; lt, taryba; ro, soviet (Mo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Poor Peasant Committees
In Soviet-ruled Russia the Bolshevik authorities established Committees of Poor easants'' (russian: Комитеты Бедноты, ''komitety bednoty'' or russian: комбеды, ''kombedy'', commonly rendered in English as kombeds) during the second half of 1918 as local institutions bringing together impoverished peasants to advance government policy. The committees had as their primary task grain requisitioning on behalf of the Soviet state; they also distributed manufactured goods in rural areas. After 1918 Committees of Poors were disbanded, while in Ukraine were introduced Committee of Unwealthy Peasants (komnezam). Institutional history Establishment By the spring of 1918, a situation of chronic food shortage existed in the cities of Soviet Russia and urban manufacturing threatened to grind to a halt.Orlando Figes, "The Village Commune and Rural Government," in Edward Acton, Vladimir Iu. Chernalaev, and William G. Rosenberg (eds.), ''Critical Companion to the Russian ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Uyezd
An uezd (also spelled uyezd; rus, уе́зд, p=ʊˈjest), or povit in a Ukrainian context ( uk, повіт), or Kreis in Baltic-German context, was a type of administrative subdivision of the Grand Duchy of Moscow, the Russian Empire, and the early Russian SFSR, which was in use from the 13th century. For most of Russian history, uezds were a second-level administrative division. By sense, but not by etymology, ''uezd'' approximately corresponds to the English "county". General description Originally describing groups of several volosts, they formed around the most important cities. Uezds were ruled by the appointees ('' namestniki'') of a knyaz and, starting from the 17th century, by voyevodas. In 1708, an administrative reform was carried out by Peter the Great, dividing Russia into governorates. The subdivision into uyezds was abolished at that time but was reinstated in 1727, as a result of Catherine I's administrative reform. By the Soviet administrative reform of 192 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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