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Borates
A borate is any of a range of boron oxyanions, anions containing boron and oxygen, such as orthoborate , metaborate , or tetraborate ; or any salt (chemistry), salt of such anions, such as sodium metaborate, and borax . The name also refers to esters of such anions, such as trimethyl borate . Natural occurrence Borate ions occur, alone or with other anions, in many borate mineral, borate and borosilicate minerals such as borax, boracite, ulexite (boronatrocalcite) and colemanite. Borates also occur in seawater, contributing to the absorption of low-frequency sound in seawater. Common borate salts include sodium metaborate (NaBO2) and borax. Borax is soluble in water, so mineral deposits only occur in places with very low rainfall. Extensive deposits were found in Death Valley and shipped with twenty-mule teams from 1883 to 1889. In 1925, deposits were found at Boron, California, Boron, California on the edge of the Mojave Desert. The Atacama Desert in Chile also contains mineab ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Boron
Boron is a chemical element; it has symbol B and atomic number 5. In its crystalline form it is a brittle, dark, lustrous metalloid; in its amorphous form it is a brown powder. As the lightest element of the boron group it has three valence electrons for forming covalent bonds, resulting in many compounds such as boric acid, the mineral sodium borate, and the ultra-hard crystals of boron carbide and boron nitride. Boron is synthesized entirely by cosmic ray spallation and supernovas and not by stellar nucleosynthesis, so it is a low-abundance element in the Solar System and in the Earth's crust. It constitutes about 0.001 percent by weight of Earth's crust. It is concentrated on Earth by the water-solubility of its more common naturally occurring compounds, the borate minerals. These are mined industrially as evaporites, such as borax and kernite. The largest known deposits are in Turkey, the largest producer of boron minerals. Elemental boron is found in smal ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Borate Mineral
The Borate Minerals are minerals which contain a borate anion group. The borate (BO3) units may be polymerised similar to the SiO4 unit of the silicate mineral class. This results in B2O5, B3O6, B2O4 anions as well as more complex structures which include hydroxide or halogen anions.Klein, Cornelis and Cornelius Hurlbut, Jr., ''Manual of Mineralogy'', Wiley, 20th ed., 1985 pp. 343 - 347 The (O,OH)4sup>− anion exists as well. Many borate minerals, such as borax, colemanite, and ulexite, are salts: soft, readily soluble, and found in evaporite contexts. However, some, such as boracite, are hard and resistant to weathering, more similar to the silicates. There are over 100 different borate minerals. Vanadates), 09 Silicates: * ''neso-'': insular (from Greek , "island") * ''soro-'': grouped (from Greek , "heap, pile, mound") * ''cyclo-'': rings of (from Greek , "circle") * ''ino-'': chained (from Greek , "fibre", rom Ancient Greek * ''phyllo-'': sheets of (from Greek ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sodium Perborate
Sodium perborate are chemical compounds with chemical formula (H2O)x. Commonly encountered salts are the anhydrous form (x = 0) and as a hydrate, hexahydrate (x = 6). These two species are sometimes called, respectively, "monohydrate" or PBS-1 and "tetrahydrate" or PBS-4, after the historic assumption that would be the anhydrous form). Both the anhydrous and hexahydrate salts are white, odorless, water-soluble solids. Peroxyborates are widely used in laundry detergents, as one of the peroxide-based bleaches. Sodium perborate was first obtained in 1898, independently, by Sebastian Tanatar and by P. Melikoff and L. Pissadewsky; the researchers prepared sodium perborate by treating sodium borate with a solution of hydrogen peroxide and sodium hydroxide, but Tanatar also obtained sodium perborate by electrolysis of a solution of sodium borate. Structure Unlike sodium percarbonate, the peroxyborates are not adducts of hydrogen peroxide. Rather, they contain a peroxyborate anion , ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Colemanite
Colemanite (Ca2B6O11·5H2O) or (CaB3O4(OH)3·H2O) is a borate mineral found in evaporite deposits of alkaline lacustrine environments. Colemanite is a secondary mineral that forms by alteration of borax and ulexite. It was first described in 1884 for an occurrence near Furnace Creek in Death Valley and was named after William Tell Coleman (1824–1893), owner of the mine "Harmony Borax Works" where it was first found. At the time, Coleman had alternatively proposed the name "smithite" instead after his business associate Francis Marion Smith. Uses Colemanite was the most important ore of boron Boron is a chemical element; it has symbol B and atomic number 5. In its crystalline form it is a brittle, dark, lustrous metalloid; in its amorphous form it is a brown powder. As the lightest element of the boron group it has three ... until the discovery of kernite in 1926. It has many industrial uses such as in heat resistant glass manufacturing. Occurrence ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trisodium Orthoborate
Trisodium borate is a chemical compound of sodium, boron, and oxygen, with formula , or . It is a sodium salt of the orthoboric acid . The compound is also called trisodium orthoborate, sodium orthoborate, or just sodium borate. However, "sodium orthoborate" has been used also for a compound with formula , which would correspond to an equimolar mixture of sodium metaborate and trisodium borate proper. and "sodium borate" is sometimes used in the generic sense, for a sodium salt with any of several other borate anions. Preparation Sodium carbonate will react with sodium metaborate or boric oxide to form the orthoborate and carbon dioxide when heated between 600 and 850 °C: : Difficult to obtain in pure form from melts. Properties Reactions When dissolved in water, the orthoborate anion partially hydrolyzes into metaborate and hydroxide : : Electrolysis of a solution of sodium orthoborate generates sodium perborate at the anode An anode usually is an electrod ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sodium Tetrahydroxyborate
Sodium tetrahydroxyborate is a salt (ionic compound) with chemical formula or . It is one of several sodium borates. At room temperature it is a colorless crystalline solid. The element ratio corresponds to the oxide mixture , but the structure of the solid is quite different from that suggested by this formula. Structure Sodium tetrahydroxyborate has been crystallized from aqueous solutions in two anhydrous forms. Both contain the tetrahedral tetrahydroxyborate anion, which is formed from (ortho)boric acid in water solutions by binding an hydroxide anion instead of loss of a proton . These anions lie in layers perpendicular to the (010) plane, and form a tridimensional lattice held together by hydrogen bonds between the hydrogen atoms in each anion and the oxygen atoms in adjacent anions. Monoclinic form The first form, described in 1993, crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system with symmetry group ''P''21/''a'' and parameters ''a'' = 588.6 pm, ''b'' = 1056.6 pm, ''c' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Metaborate
A metaborate is a borate anion consisting of boron and oxygen, with empirical formula . Metaborate also refers to any salt (chemistry), salt or ester of such anion (e.g. salts such as sodium metaborate or calcium metaborate , and esters such as methyl metaborate ). Metaborate is one of the boron's oxyanions. Metaborates can be monomeric, oligomeric or polymeric. In aqueous solutions metaborate anion hydrolysis, hydrolyzes to tetrahydroxyborate . For this reason, solutions or hydrated salts of the latter are often improperly named "metaborates". Structure Solid state In the solid state of their Salt (chemistry), salts, metaborate ions are often oligomeric or polymeric, conceptually resulting from the fusion of two or more through shared oxygen atoms. In these anions, the boron atom forms covalent bonds with either three or four oxygen atoms. Some of the structures are: * A trimer with formula or , consisting of a six-membered ring of alternating boron and oxygen atoms with one ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sodium Metaborate
Sodium metaborate is a chemical compound of sodium, boron, and oxygen with formula . However, the metaborate ion is trimeric in the anhydrous solid, therefore a more correct formula is or . The formula can be written also as to highlight the relation to the main oxides of sodium and boron. The name is also applied to several hydrates whose formulas can be written for various values of ''n''. The anhydrous and hydrates are colorless crystalline solids. The anhydrous form is hygroscopic. Hydrates and solubility The following hydrates crystallize from solutions of the proper composition in various temperature ranges: * tetrahydrate from −6 to 53.6 °C * dihydrate from 53.6 °C to 105 °C * hemihydrate from 105 °C to the boiling point. Early reports of a monohydrate have not been confirmed. Structure Anhydrous Solid anhydrous sodium metaborate has the hexagonal crystal system with space group R\bar3 c. It actually contains a six-membered rings with the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tetrahydroxyborate
Tetrahydroxyborate is an inorganic anion with the chemical formula or . It contributes no colour to tetrahydroxyborate salts. It is found in the mineral hexahydroborite, , originally formulated . It is one of the boron oxoanions, and acts as a weak base. The systematic names are tetrahydroxyboranuide (substitutive) and tetrahydroxidoborate(1−) (additive). It can be viewed as the conjugate base of boric acid. Structure Tetrahydroxyborate has a symmetric tetrahedral geometry, isoelectronic with the hypothetical compound orthocarbonic acid (). Chemical properties Basicity Tetrahydroxyborate acts as a weak Brønsted–Lowry base because it can assimilate a proton (), yielding boric acid with release of water: : + + It can also release a hydroxide anion , thus acting as a classical Arrhenius base: : + (pK = 9.14 to the left) Thus, when boric acid is dissolved in pure (neutral) water, most of it will exist as tetrahydroxyborate ions. With diols In aqueous soluti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Twenty-mule Team
Twenty-mule teams were teams of eighteen mules and two horses attached to large wagons that transported borax out of Death Valley from 1883 to 1898. They traveled from mining, mines across the Mojave Desert to the nearest Rail transport, railroad spur, away in Mojave, California, Mojave. The routes were from the Harmony and Amargosa Borax Works to Daggett, California, and later Mojave, California. After Harmony and Amargosa shut down in 1888, the mule team's route was moved to the mines at Borate, east of Calico, San Bernardino County, California, Calico, back to Daggett. There they worked from 1891 until 1898 when they were replaced by the Borate and Daggett Railroad. The wagons were among the largest ever pulled by draft animals, designed to carry 10 short tons (9 tonne, metric tons) of borax ore at a time. History In 1877, six years before twenty-mule teams would be introduced in Death Valley, ''Scientific American'' reported that Francis Marion Smith and his brother ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ulexite
Ulexite (), sometimes called TV rock or TV stone due to its unusual optical properties, is a hydrous borate hydroxide of sodium and calcium with the chemical formula . The mineral occurs as silky white rounded crystalline masses or in parallel fibers. Ulexite was named for the German chemist Georg Ludwig Ulex (1811–1883), who first discovered it. The natural fibers of ulexite act as optical fibers, transmitting light along their long axes by internal reflection. When a piece of ulexite is cut with flat polished faces perpendicular to the orientation of the fibers, a good-quality specimen will display an image of whatever surface is adjacent to its other side. The fiber-optic effect is the result of the polarization of light into slow and fast rays within each fiber, the internal reflection of the slow ray and the refraction of the fast ray into the slow ray of an adjacent fiber. An interesting consequence is the generation of three cones, two of which are polarized, when ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Suanite
Suanite is a magnesium borate mineral with formula Mg2B2O5. It was first described in 1953 by Japanese scientist Takeo Watanabe from the University of Tokyo. His first contact with the mineral was during analysis of gold- and copper- bearing skarn minerals from the Hol Kol mine, located in North Korea North Korea, officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), is a country in East Asia. It constitutes the northern half of the Korea, Korean Peninsula and borders China and Russia to the north at the Yalu River, Yalu (Amnok) an ... obtained in 1939. Due to the small sample size available to him, he was only able to determine the unknown substance's optical properties under a microscope. Watanabe was able to return to the site in 1943 and obtain further samples that permitted him to perform chemical analysis on the material. References Nesoborates Magnesium minerals Monoclinic minerals Minerals in space group 14 {{mineral-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
