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Anomodont Genera
Anomodontia is an extinct group of non-mammalian therapsids from the Permian and Triassic periods. By far the most speciose group are the dicynodonts, a clade of beaked, tusked herbivores. Anomodonts were very diverse during the Middle Permian, including primitive forms like ''Anomocephalus'' and ''Patranomodon'' and groups like Venyukovioidea and Dromasauria. Dicynodonts became the most successful and abundant of all herbivores in the Late Permian, filling ecological niches ranging from large browsers down to small burrowers. Few dicynodont families survived the Permian–Triassic extinction event, but one lineage ( Kannemeyeriiformes) evolved into large, stocky forms that became dominant terrestrial herbivores right until the Late Triassic, when changing conditions caused them to decline, finally going extinct during the Triassic–Jurassic extinction event. Classification Taxonomy * Order Therapsida * Suborder Anomodontia ** ''Biseridens'' ** ''Patranomodon'' ** Clade A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Middle Permian
The Guadalupian is the second and middle series/epoch of the Permian. The Guadalupian was preceded by the Cisuralian and followed by the Lopingian. It is named after the Guadalupe Mountains of New Mexico and Texas, and dates between 272.95 ± 0.5 – 259.1 ± 0.4 Mya. The series saw the rise of the therapsids, a minor extinction event called Olson's Extinction and a significant mass extinction called the end-Capitanian extinction event. The Guadalupian is also known as the Middle Permian. Name and background The Guadalupian is the second and middle series or epoch of the Permian. Previously called Middle Permian, the name of this epoch is part of a revision of Permian stratigraphy for standard global correlation. The name "Guadalupian" was first proposed in the early 1900s, and approved by the International Subcommission on Permian Stratigraphy in 1996. References to the Middle Permian still exist. The Guadalupian was preceded by the Cisuralian and followed by the Lopingian. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Patranomodon
''Patranomodon'' (from Greek ''patr-'' “father”, thus “father of anomodonts”) is an extinct genus of Therapsida, therapsids belonging to the group Anomodontia. Rubidge and Hopson named this anomodont in 1990 after discovering its skull.Rubidge, B. S., & Hopson, J. A. (1990). A new anomodont therapsid from South Africa and its bearing on the ancestry of Dicynodontia. ''South African Journal of Science'', ''86''(1), 43-45. ''Patranomodon'' is known to have ranged in the Karoo of Southern Africa. Discovery and history The skull fossil of ''Patranomodon'' was found in the Eodicynodon Assemblage Zone, ''Eodicynodon'' Assemblage Zone of South Africa, belonging to the lowest biozone of the Beaufort Group. The Beaufort Group time period extends from the middle of the Permian to the early Triassic period. It is one of the three main subdivisions of the Karoo Supergroup in what today is southern Africa. Rubidge and Hopson were the first to discover the skull of ''Patranomodon''. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Suminia
''Suminia'' is an extinct genus of basal anomodont that lived during the Tatarian age of the late Permian, spanning approximately from 268–252 Ma.Rybczynski N. 2000. Cranial anatomy and phylogenetic position of Suminia getmanovi, a basal anomodont (Amniota: Therapsida) from the Late Permian of Eastern Europe. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 130:329–73 ''Suminia'' is recognized as the youngest non-dicynodonts, dicynodont anomodontIvachnenko MF. 1994. A new Late Permian dromasaurian (Anomodontia) from Eastern Europe. Paleontological Journal 28: 96- 103. and was named in honor of Russian paleontologist Dmitry Leonidovich Sumin, D. L. Sumin. Its fossil localities are primarily derived from the Kotelnich, Kotel’nich locality of the Kirov Oblast in Russia. However, there have been some isolated specimens found in a few different localities, all from eastern European regions of Russia.Fröbisch, J. and Reisz, R. R. 2011. The postcranial anatomy of Suminia getmanovi (Synapsida: Anomodontia), the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Parasuminia
''Parasumina'' is an extinct genus of anomodont known from the late Capitanian age at the end of the middle Permian period of European Russia. The type and only species is ''Parasuminia ivakhnenkoi''. It was closely related to ''Suminia'', another Russian anomodont, and was named for its resemblance ("similar to ''Suminia''"). Little is known about ''Parasuminia'' as the only fossils are of fragmentary pieces of the skull and jaw, but the known remains suggest that its head and jaws were deeper and more robust than those of ''Suminia'', and with shorter, stouter teeth. However, despite these differences they appear to have been similar animals with a similarly complex method of processing vegetation. History of discovery Fossils of ''Parasuminia'' are known exclusively from a locality known as Sundyr-1 near the mouth of the Sundyr River (a tributary to the Volga River) in the Mari El Republic of European Russia, and were first discovered in 2009 by an expedition from the Borissia ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Otsheria
''Otsheria'' is an extinct genus of anomodont, in the infraorder Venyukovioidea. It lived in modern-day Russia during the Permian. The genus is named for the Ochyor region where it was discovered in 1960, and the type species is ''Otsheria netzvetajevi''. The holotype, a skull lacking a mandible (PIN 1758/5), is the only Otsheria fossil extant. The skull is in length, with large eye sockets and a short, broad snout. The skull suggests four incisors and nine short, flattened maxillary teeth. The canines are undifferentiated. The shape of the teeth and skull both suggest a mouth adapted for cutting plant parts, which in turn suggests a herbivorous or omnivorous diet. See also * List of therapsids This list of therapsids is an attempt to create a comprehensive listing of all Genus, genera that have ever been included in the Therapsida excluding mammals and purely vernacular terms. The list includes all commonly accepted genera, but also gene ... References Further rea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tiarajudens
''Tiarajudens'' () (" Tiaraju tooth") is an extinct genus of saber-toothed herbivorous anomodonts which lived during the Middle Permian period (Capitanian stage) in what is now Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. It is known from the holotype UFRGS PV393P, a nearly complete skull. The type species ''T. eccentricus'' was named in 2011. Description ''Tiarajudens'' is a member of Anomodontia, a suborder of therapsids. Like other anomodonts, it was a quadrupedal herbivore about the size of a wild boar. The single fragmented holotype skull is short and robust at about in length. The most prominent features of ''Tiarajudens'' are its two large saber-like canine teeth. These teeth are unlike the tusks of dicynodonts, a later group of anomodonts. Twenty-one high- crowned teeth are present on either side of the upper jaw, including spoon-shaped incisors. Wide palatal teeth are also present. The top and bottom sets of teeth fit closely together, much like the teeth of mammals, allowing it ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anomocephaloidea
Anomocephaloidea is a clade of Basal (phylogenetics), basal anomodont therapsids related to the dicynodonts known from what is now South Africa and Brazil during the Middle Permian. It includes only two species, ''Anomocephalus africanus'' (the clade's namesake) from the Karoo Basin of South Africa and ''Tiarajudens eccentricus'' from the Paraná Basin of Brazil. Anomocephaloidea was named in 2011 with the discovery of ''Tiarajudens'', although ''Anomocephalus'' itself has been known since 1999. Anomocephaloids are characterised by batteries of tightly Occlusion (dentistry), occluding Molar (tooth), molariform teeth at the back of the jaws, the first example of such teeth in the therapsid fossil record. Uniquely to anomocephaloids, though, the upper molariforms are in fact expanded palatal teeth from the roof of the mouth that occlude against the marginal dentition of the lower jaw. Such occlusion between palatal and marginal teeth is not known in any other synapsids. The precise ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Biseridens
''Biseridens'' ("two rows of teeth") is an extinct genus of anomodont therapsid, and one of the most basal anomodont genera known. Originally known from a partial skull misidentified as an eotitanosuchian in 1997, another well-preserved skull was found in the Qingtoushan Formation in the Qilian Mountains of Gansu, China, in 2009 that clarified its relationships to anomodonts, such as the dicynodonts. Among tetrapod taxa, the therapsid clade anomodontia in which ''Biseridens'' belong has one of the largest population sizes, highest levels of diversity, and longest stratigraphic range (Middle Permian to the Triassic, possibly into the Cretaceous), as well as being one of the only clades known from all the continents. Primarily understood from the recently discovered, most-well preserved specimen, ''Biseridens'' is most notably distinguishable as an anomodont due to its short snout, dorsally elevated zygomatic arch, and presence of a septomaxilla that distinctly lacks a facial e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Triassic–Jurassic Extinction Event
The Triassic–Jurassic (Tr-J) extinction event (TJME), often called the end-Triassic extinction, marks the boundary between the Triassic and Jurassic periods, . It represents one of five major extinction events during the Phanerozoic, profoundly affecting life on land and in the oceans. In the seas, about 23–34% of marine genus, genera disappeared; Coral, corals, Bivalvia, bivalves, Brachiopod, brachiopods, Bryozoa, bryozoans, and Radiolaria, radiolarians suffered severe losses of diversity and Conodont, conodonts were completely wiped out, while marine vertebrates, Gastropoda, gastropods, and benthic foraminifera were relatively unaffected. On land, all Archosauromorpha, archosauromorph reptiles other than Crocodylomorpha, crocodylomorphs, dinosaurs, and pterosaurs became extinct. Crocodylomorphs, dinosaurs, pterosaurs, and mammals were left largely untouched, allowing them to become the dominant land animals for the next 135 million years. Plants were likewise significantly a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kannemeyeriiformes
Kannemeyeriiformes is a group of large-bodied Triassic dicynodonts. As a clade, Kannemeyeriiformes has been defined to include the species '' Kannemeyeria simocephalus'' and all dicynodonts more closely related to it than to the species '' Lystrosaurus murrayi''. Evolutionary history Despite being the most species-rich group of dicynodonts in the Triassic Period, kannemeyeriiforms exhibit much less diversity in terms of their anatomy and ecological roles than the dicynodonts from the Permian Period. Lystrosauridae is thought to be the most closely related group (sister taxon) to Kannemeyeriiformes, and since the earliest lystrosaurids are known from the Late Permian, the divergence of these two groups must have occurred at least as far back as this time, implying that a long ghost lineage must exist. Although no kannemeyeriiforms have been found in the Late Permian yet, the recent discovery of '' Sungeodon'' helps fill a gap in the early fossil record of the group by showing th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Permian–Triassic Extinction Event
The Permian–Triassic extinction event (also known as the P–T extinction event, the Late Permian extinction event, the Latest Permian extinction event, the End-Permian extinction event, and colloquially as the Great Dying,) was an extinction event that occurred approximately 251.9 Million years ago, million years ago (mya), at the boundary between the Permian and Triassic geologic periods, and with them the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras. It is Earth's most severe known extinction event, with the extinction of 57% of Family (biology), biological families, 62% of genera and 81% of marine biology, marine species, (previous estimates of 90–96% marine species extinction were due to historical conflation with the End-Capitanian mass extinction event, end-Capitanian mass extinction which occurred 7–10 million years earlier) and 70% of terrestrial vertebrate species. It is also the greatest known mass extinction of insects. It is the greatest of the "Big Five" mass extinctions of t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
