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1985 In Science
The year 1985 in science and technology involved many significant events, listed below. Astronomy and space exploration * January 7 – Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency launches ''Sakigake'', Japan's first interplanetary spacecraft and the first deep space probe to be launched by any country other than the United States or the Soviet Union. Chemistry * The fullerene Buckminsterfullerene (C60) is first intentionally prepared by Harold Kroto, James R. Heath, Sean O'Brien, Robert Curl and Richard Smalley at Rice University in the United States. Computer science * March – The ''GNU Manifesto'', written by Richard Stallman, is first published. * March 15 – The first commercial Internet domain name, in the top-level domain '' .com'', is registered in the name '' symbolics.com'' by Symbolics Inc., a computer systems firm in Cambridge, Massachusetts. * November 20 – Microsoft Windows operating system released. Environment * May 16 – Scientists of the British Antarctic S ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Symbolics
Symbolics, Inc., is a privately held American computer software maker that acquired the assets of the former manufacturing company of the identical name and continues to sell and maintain the Open Genera Lisp (programming language), Lisp system and the Macsyma computer algebra system.Symbolics Sales by David Schmidt 
The symbolics.com domain was List of the oldest currently-registered Internet domain names, originally registered on 15 March 1985, making it the first .com-domain in the world. In August 2009, it was sold to napkin.com (formerly XF.com) Investments.
History Symbolics, Inc. was a computer manufacturer head ...[...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Side-scan Sonar
Side-scan sonar (also sometimes called side scan sonar, sidescan sonar, side imaging sonar, side-imaging sonar and bottom classification sonar) is a category of sonar system that is used to efficiently create an image of large areas of the sea floor. Uses Side scan sonar is used to image large areas of the seafloor quickly. Applications include surveys for marine archaeology, shipwreck hunting, search and recovery (SAR), and environmental monitoring. In conjunction with seafloor samples, it is able to provide an understanding of the differences in material and texture type of the seabed. Side-scan sonar imagery is also a commonly used tool to detect debris items and other obstructions on the seafloor that may be hazardous to shipping or to seafloor installations by the oil and gas industry. In addition, the status of pipelines and cables on the seafloor can be investigated using side-scan sonar. Side-scan data are frequently acquired along with bathymetric soundings and s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ifremer
The or Ifremer is an oceanographic institution in Brest, France. A state-run and funded scientific organization, it is France’s national integrated marine science research institute. Scope of works Ifremer focuses its research activities in the following areas: * Monitoring, use and enhancement of coastal seas * Monitoring and optimization of aquaculture production * Fishery resources * Exploration and exploitation of the oceans and their biodiversity * Circulation and marine ecosystems, mechanisms, trends and forecasting * Engineering of major facilities in the service of oceanography * Knowledge transfer and innovation in its fields of its activities In 1985, Ifremer partnered with Dr. Robert Ballard for an ultimately successful expedition to locate the wreck of the RMS ''Titanic''. In 1994 Ifremer assisted in the salvage of the cargo from the SS ''John Barry''. Ifremer operates a number of vessels, including the submarine '' Nautile''. In 2008, Ifremer partnered ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jean-Louis Michel (oceanographer)
Jean-Louis Michel (born 1945) is a French oceanographer and engineer. He discovered subsea intervention in 1969 with the French Navy The French Navy (, , ), informally (, ), is the Navy, maritime arm of the French Armed Forces and one of the four military service branches of History of France, France. It is among the largest and most powerful List of navies, naval forces i ... as an officer at the Groupe des Bathyscaphes headed by Captain Georges Houot. In 1985, Jean-Louis Michel (along with marine geologist Robert Ballard) led a team of French and American explorers who found the wreckage of the . Robert Ballard mentions in an interview with ''Forbes'' magazine that Jean-Louis Michel rarely gets enough credit for co-discovering the ''Titanic''. References Living people French oceanographers French naval architects RMS Titanic 1945 births {{France-scientist-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
The Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI, acronym pronounced ) is a private, nonprofit research and higher education facility dedicated to the study of marine science and engineering. Established in 1930 in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, it is the largest independent oceanographic research institution in the U.S., with staff and students numbering about 1,000. Constitution The institution is organized into six departments, the Cooperative Institute for Climate and Ocean Research, and a marine policy center. Its shore-based facilities are located in the village of Woods Hole, Massachusetts, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States and a mile and a half away on the Quissett Campus. The bulk of the institution's funding comes from grants and contracts from the National Science Foundation and other government agencies, augmented by foundations and private donations. WHOI scientists, engineers, and students collaborate to develop theories, test ideas, build seagoing instruments, a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Robert Ballard
Robert Duane Ballard (born June 30, 1942) is an American retired Navy officer and a professor of oceanography at the University of Rhode Island who is noted for his work in underwater archaeology (maritime archaeology and archaeology of shipwrecks) and marine geology. He is best known by the general public for the discoveries of the wrecks of the RMS ''Titanic'' in 1985, the battleship ''Bismarck'' in 1989, and the aircraft carrier in 1998. He discovered the wreck of John F. Kennedy's '' PT-109'' in 2002 and visited Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana, who saved its crew. Ballard discovered hydrothermal vents, where life goes on powered by nutrient chemicals emitted by the vents rather than the sunlight that drives most life on Earth; he said "finding hydrothermal vents beats the hell out of finding the ''Titanic''", and his mother commented "It's too bad you found that rusty old boat... they're only going to remember you for finding t. Ballard also established the JASON P ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
North Atlantic
The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest of the world's five oceanic divisions, with an area of about . It covers approximately 17% of Earth's surface and about 24% of its water surface area. During the Age of Discovery, it was known for separating the New World of the Americas (North America and South America) from the Old World of Afro-Eurasia (Africa, Asia, and Europe). Through its separation of Afro-Eurasia from the Americas, the Atlantic Ocean has played a central role in the development of human society, globalization, and the histories of many nations. While the Norse were the first known humans to cross the Atlantic, it was the expedition of Christopher Columbus in 1492 that proved to be the most consequential. Columbus's expedition ushered in an age of exploration and colonization of the Americas by European powers, most notably Portugal, Spain, France, and the United Kingdom. From the 16th to 19th centuries, the Atlantic Ocean was the center of both an epo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1912 In Science
The year 1912 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below. Archaeology * December 6 – The Nefertiti Bust is found at Amarna in Egypt by the German Oriental Company (Deutsche Orient-Gesellschaft – DOG), led by German archaeologist Ludwig Borchardt. Astronomy * At the beginning of this year an extreme decadal variation in length of day produces mean solar days having a duration of 86400.00389 seconds of Terrestrial Time (or ephemeris time), the slowest rotation of Earth's crust ever to be recorded. Biology * July 23 – Horace Donisthorpe first discovers '' Anergates atratulus'' in the New Forest, England. * Reginald Punnett is appointed as first Arthur Balfour Professor of Genetics in the University of Cambridge (U.K.), probably the oldest chair of genetics in the English-speaking world. Chemistry * Peter Debye derives the T-cubed law for the low temperature heat capacity of a nonmetallic solid. * Casimir Funk introduces t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
The Wreck Of The RMS Titanic
The Shipwreck, wreck of British ocean liner Titanic, RMS ''Titanic'' lies at a depth of about , about south-southeast off the coast of Newfoundland (island), Newfoundland. It lies in two main pieces about apart. The bow (ship), bow is still recognisable with many preserved interiors, despite deterioration and damage sustained by hitting the sea floor; in contrast, the stern is heavily damaged. The debris field around the wreck contains hundreds of thousands of items spilled from the ship as she sank. The ''Titanic'' sank in 1912, following Sinking of the Titanic, her collision with an iceberg during her maiden voyage. Numerous expeditions unsuccessfully tried using sonar to map the seabed in the hope of finding the wreckage. In 1985, the wreck was finally located by a joint French–American expedition led by Jean-Louis Michel (oceanographer), Jean-Louis Michel of IFREMER and Robert Ballard of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, originally on a mission to find two n ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ozone Depletion
Ozone depletion consists of two related events observed since the late 1970s: a lowered total amount of ozone in Earth, Earth's upper atmosphere, and a much larger springtime decrease in stratospheric ozone (the ozone layer) around Earth's polar regions. The latter phenomenon is referred to as the #Ozone hole and its causes, ozone hole. There are also springtime polar tropospheric ozone depletion events in addition to these stratospheric events. The main causes of ozone depletion and the ozone hole are manufactured chemicals, especially manufactured halocarbon refrigerants, solvents, propellants, and foam-blowing agents (chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), HCFCs, Haloalkanes, halons), referred to as ''ozone-depleting substances'' (ODS). These compounds are transported into the stratosphere by Turbulence, turbulent mixing after being emitted from the surface, mixing much faster than the molecules can settle. Once in the stratosphere, they release atoms from the halogen group through photod ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
British Antarctic Survey
The British Antarctic Survey (BAS) is the United Kingdom's national polar research institute. It has a dual purpose, to conduct polar science, enabling better understanding of list of global issues, global issues, and to provide an active presence in the Antarctic on behalf of the UK. It is part of the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC). With over 400 staff, BAS takes an active role in Antarctic affairs, operating five research stations, one ship and five aircraft in both polar regions, as well as addressing key global and regional issues. This involves joint research projects with over 40 UK universities and more than 120 national and international collaborations. Having taken shape from activities during World War II, it was known as the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey until 1962. History Operation Tabarin was a small British expedition in 1943 to establish permanently occupied bases in the Antarctic. It was a joint undertaking by the British Admiralty, Admiralt ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
