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Byelaw Terraced House
A byelaw terraced house is a type of dwelling built to comply with the Public Health Act 1875. It is a type of British terraced house at the opposite end of the social scale from the aristocratic townhouse, but a marked improvement on the pre-regulation house built as cheap accommodation for the urban poor of the Industrial Revolution. The term usually refers to houses built between 1875 and 1918. The 1875 Act imposed a duty on local authorities to regulate housing by the use of byelaws, and subsequently all byelaw terraced housing was required to have its own toilet. At first a "privy" or outhouse was built in the yard behind the house, relying on a pail closet system, with access for the municipal collection of the night soil. As universal town sewerage advanced, flush toilets (water closets) were built, but often still outside the house. The houses had to meet minimum standards of build quality, ventilation, sanitation and population density. Despite a century of slum clea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cog Lane - Geograph
A cog is a tooth of a gear, gear or cogwheel or the gear itself. Cog, COG, CoG, or The Cog may also refer to: Science and engineering * Rear sprocket of a bicycle * Cog (ship), a type of sailboat from the 10th century onward * Center of gravity, a spatial point related to an object's center of mass * Cluster of Orthologous Groups of proteins; see Sequence homology#Orthology, Sequence homology and MicrobesOnline *Conserved oligomeric Golgi complex, that includes COG2, COG4, etc. *INSEE code (also ''code officiel géographique''), a numerical indexing code used by the French National Institute for Statistics and Economic Studies *Mount Washington Cog Railway, the world's first mountain-climbing cog railway *OpenCog, a project that aims to build an open source artificial general intelligence framework Entertainment and media * ''C.O.G.'', a 2013 American drama * The Changing of the Guard (The Twilight Zone), "The Changing of the Guard" (''The Twilight Zone''), a 1962 episode of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Edwin Chadwick
Sir Edwin Chadwick KCB (24 January 18006 July 1890) was an English social reformer who is noted for his leadership in reforming the Poor Laws in England and instituting major reforms in urban sanitation and public health. A disciple of Utilitarian philosopher Jeremy Bentham, he was most active between 1832 and 1854; after that he held minor positions, and his views were largely ignored. Chadwick pioneered the use of scientific surveys to identify all phases of a complex social problem, and pioneered the use of systematic long-term inspection programmes to make sure the reforms operated as planned. Early life Edwin Chadwick was born on 24 January 1800 at Longsight, Manchester. His mother died when he was still a young child, yet to be named. His father, James Chadwick, tutored the scientist John Dalton in music and botany and was considered to be an advanced liberal politician, thus exposing young Edwin to political and social ideas. His grandfather, Andrew Chadwick, had be ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Area (architecture)
In architecture, an area (areaway in North America) is an excavated, subterranean space around the walls of a building, designed to admit light into a basement. Also called a lightwell, it often provides access to the house and a store-room/service cupboard for tradesmen, such as a coal store vault under the pavement. The term is most commonly applied to urban houses of the Georgian period in the UK, where it was normal for the service rooms, such as the kitchen, scullery and laundry, to be in the basement. Areas were commonly enclosed for safety reasons by wrought iron or cast iron railings, which became one of the principal decorative features of the astylar terraced houses of this period. Areas are also found in the English and French country house, where basements were popular in the 18th century as a way of accommodating service functions while allowing all four faces of a symmetrical Classical building to relate directly to its landscape setting, as at Mereworth Castle in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sash Window
A sash window or hung sash window is made of one or more movable panels, or "sashes". The individual sashes are traditionally paned window (architecture), paned windows, but can now contain an individual sheet (or sheets, in the case of double glazing) of glass. History The oldest surviving examples of sash windows were installed in England in the 1670s, for example at Ham House.Louw, HJ, ''Architectural History'', Vol. 26, 1983 (1983), pp. 49–72, 144–15JSTOR The invention of the sash window is sometimes credited, without conclusive evidence, to Robert Hooke. Others see the sash window as a Dutch invention. H.J. Louw believed that the sash window was developed in England, but concluded that it was impossible to determine the exact inventor. The sash window is often found in Georgian architecture, Georgian and Victorian architecture, Victorian houses, and the classic arrangement has three panes across by two up on each of two sash, giving a ''six over six'' panel window, alth ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kitchen Range
A kitchen stove, often called simply a stove or a cooker, is a kitchen appliance designed for the purpose of cooking food. Kitchen stoves rely on the application of direct heat for the cooking process and may also contain an oven, used for baking. "Cookstoves" (also called "cooking stoves" or "wood stoves") are heated by burning wood or charcoal; "gas stoves" are heated by gas; and "electric stoves" by electricity. A stove with a built-in cooktop is also called a range. In the industrialized world, as stoves replaced open fires and braziers as a source of more efficient and reliable heating, models were developed that could also be used for cooking, and these came to be known as ''kitchen stoves''.Montagne, Prosper ''New Larousse Gastronomique'' Hamlin Publishing Group 1977 268,901 Quoting Eugène Viollet-le-Duc on cooking in the Middle Ages: "The division of stoves into several compartments as in our day was seldom seen. The dishes were cooked on the fire itself, and these fie ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Two-up Two-down
Two-up two-down is a type of small house with two rooms on the ground floor and two bedrooms upstairs. There are many types of terraced houses in the United Kingdom, and these are among the most modest. Those built before 1875, the pre-regulation terraces, shared one toilet between several households. Those built after the passage of the Public Health Act 1875, the so-called byelaw terraced houses, each had its own toilet, usually outside. The rapid urbanisation of Britain during the Industrial Revolution meant that these small cheap terraces were widespread in towns and cities. In the 20th century, and early in the 21st, areas of this type of dwelling were often targeted for demolition and redevelopment, under a slum clearance programme, but in some areas local community groups campaigned to save them, such as Toxteth Street in Openshaw, Manchester Manchester () is a city in Greater Manchester, England. It had a population of 552,000 in 2021. It is bordered by the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ginnel
A ginnel is a fenced or walled alley between residential buildings that provides a pedestrian shortcut to nearby streets.Ginnel Yorkshire Historical Dictionary. Retrieved 16 November 2022. They are typically found in an areas, and do not contain any business premises unlike some other types of alley. Other terms include, snicket, tenfoot and snickleway.This is why a ginnel is called a ginnel i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Building Society
A building society is a financial institution owned by its members as a mutual organization. Building societies offer banking and related financial services, especially savings and mortgage lending. Building societies exist in the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand, and used to exist in Ireland and several Commonwealth countries. They are similar to credit unions in organisation, though few enforce a common bond. However, rather than promoting thrift and offering unsecured and business loans, the purpose of a building society is to provide home mortgages to members. Borrowers and depositors are society members, setting policy and appointing directors on a one-member, one-vote basis. Building societies often provide other retail banking services, such as current accounts, credit cards and personal loans. The term "building society" first arose in the 19th century in Great Britain from cooperative savings groups. In the United Kingdom, building societies actively compete ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Healey Wood Road - Geograph
Healey may refer to: People * Chadwyck-Healey baronets, an English baronetcy seated in Surrey * Healey (surname), people with the surname Healey * Healey Willan (1880-1968), Anglo-Canadian composer Places in England * Healey, Greater Manchester * Healey, Northumberland * Healey, North Yorkshire * Healey, Kirklees, West Yorkshire * Healey, Ossett, Wakefield, West Yorkshire * Healey Nab, an area of countryside east of Chorley, Lancashire Other uses * Healey (automobile), various car manufacturers and models bearing the Healey name * Healey Building, a skyscraper in Atlanta, Georgia, U.S. * T. J. Healey See also * * Healy (other) Healy may refer to: *Healy (surname) * USCGC ''Healy'' (WAGB-20), a United States Coast Guard icebreaker Places * Healy (crater), a lunar impact crater on the far side of the Moon * Healy (Metra station), a commuter rail station in Chicago * Heal ... * Heeley (other) {{disambiguation, geo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Local Government Board
The Local Government Board (LGB) was a British Government supervisory body overseeing local administration in England and Wales from 1871 to 1919. The LGB was created by the Local Government Board Act 1871 (C. 70) and took over the public health and local government responsibilities of the Home Secretary and the Privy Council and all the functions of the Poor Law Board, which was abolished. In 1919 the LGB was converted into a new department called the Ministry of Health. Membership The board was headed by a president, appointed by and serving at the pleasure of the British monarch. The president was permitted to hold a seat and vote in the House of Commons, and the position was generally held by a cabinet minister. In addition the board had a number of '' ex officio'' members consisting of the Lord President of the Council, the Principal Secretaries of State, the Lord Privy Seal and the Chancellor of the Exchequer. The ''ex officio'' members were not paid a salary. The boa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Damp Proofing
Damp proofing in construction is a type of moisture control applied to building walls and floors to prevent moisture from passing into the interior spaces. Dampness problems are among the most frequent problems encountered in residences. ''Damp proofing'' is defined by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) as a material that resists the passage of water with no hydrostatic pressure. ''Waterproof'' is defined by the ASTM as a treatment that resists the passage of water under pressure.Greenlaw, Bruce. "Moisture-Proofing New Basements", ''Foundations and concrete work''. Newtown, Connecticut: Taunton Press, 2003. 93. Print. Generally, damp proofing keeps moisture out of a building, where vapor barriers keep interior moisture from getting into walls. Moisture resistance is not necessarily absolute; it is usually defined by a specific test method, limits, and engineering tolerances. Methods Damp proofing is accomplished several ways including all : * A damp-proof cou ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Homes Fit For Heroes
A council house is a form of British public housing built by local authorities. A council estate is a building complex containing a number of council houses and other amenities like schools and shops. Construction took place mainly from 1919 after the Housing Act 1919 to the 1980s, with much less council housing built since then. There were local design variations, but they all adhered to local authority building standards. The Housing Acts of 1985 and 1988 facilitated the transfer of council housing to not-for-profit housing associations with access to private finance, and these new housing associations became the providers of most new public-sector housing. By 2003, 36.5% of the social rented housing stock was held by housing associations. History House design in the United Kingdom is defined by a series of Housing Acts, and public housing house design is defined by government directives and central governments' relationship with local authorities. From the first interventio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
