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Business Efficiency
The efficiency ratio indicates the expenses as a percentage of revenue (''expenses'' / ''revenue''), with a few variations – it is essentially how much a corporation or individual spends to make a dollar; entities are supposed to attempt minimizing efficiency ratios (reducing expenses and increasing earnings). The concept typically applies to banks. It relates to operating leverage, which measures the ratio between fixed costs and variable costs. Efficiency means the extent to which cash is generated over time and relative to other enterprises. ''Efficiency ratios'' for a given year may therefore be used to determine whether an enterprise has generated enough cash in relation to other years and in relation to other institutions (Koen and Oberholster, 1999). For measuring efficiency can be used receivable collection period ratio. Formula : Efficiency = If expenses are and revenue is (perhaps net of interest revenue/expense) the efficiency ratio is 0.75 or 75% (60/80) – mea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Operating Leverage
Operating leverage is a measure of how revenue growth translates into growth in operating income. It is a measure of leverage, and of how risky, or volatile, a company's operating income is. Definition There are various measures of operating leverage, which can be interpreted analogously to financial leverage. Costs One analogy is "fixed costs + variable costs = total costs . . . is similar to . . . debt + equity = assets". This analogy is partly motivated because, for a given amount of debt, debt servicing is a fixed cost. This leads to two measures of operating leverage: One measure is fixed costs to total costs: :\frac=\frac Compare to debt to value, which is :\frac=\frac Another measure is fixed costs to variable costs: :\frac Compare to debt to equity ratio: :\frac Both of these measures depend on sales: if the unit variable cost is constant, then as sales increase, operating leverage (as measured by fixed costs to total costs or variable costs) decreases. Contribution Co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Business Margin
A financial ratio or accounting ratio is a relative magnitude of two selected numerical values taken from an enterprise's financial statements. Often used in accounting, there are many standard ratios used to try to evaluate the overall financial condition of a corporation or other organization. Financial ratios may be used by managers within a firm, by current and potential shareholders (owners) of a firm, and by a firm's creditors. Financial analysts use financial ratios to compare the strengths and weaknesses in various companies. If shares in a company are traded in a financial market, the market price of the shares is used in certain financial ratios. Ratios can be expressed as a decimal value, such as 0.10, or given as an equivalent percent value, such as 10%. Some ratios are usually quoted as percentages, especially ratios that are usually or always less than 1, such as earnings yield, while others are usually quoted as decimal numbers, especially ratios that are usually m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Financial Market Efficiency
There are several concepts of efficiency for a financial market. The most widely discussed is informational or price efficiency, which is a measure of how quickly and completely the price of a single asset reflects available information about the asset's value. Other concepts include functional/operational efficiency, which is inversely related to the costs that investors bear for making transactions, and allocative efficiency, which is a measure of how far a market channels funds from ultimate lenders to ultimate borrowers in such a way that the funds are used in the most productive manner. Market efficiency types Three common types of market efficiency are allocative, operational and informational. However, other kinds of market efficiency are also recognised. James Tobin identified four efficiency types that could be present in a financial market: 1. Information arbitrage efficiency Asset prices fully reflect all of the privately available information (the least demanding r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Operating Leverage
Operating leverage is a measure of how revenue growth translates into growth in operating income. It is a measure of leverage, and of how risky, or volatile, a company's operating income is. Definition There are various measures of operating leverage, which can be interpreted analogously to financial leverage. Costs One analogy is "fixed costs + variable costs = total costs . . . is similar to . . . debt + equity = assets". This analogy is partly motivated because, for a given amount of debt, debt servicing is a fixed cost. This leads to two measures of operating leverage: One measure is fixed costs to total costs: :\frac=\frac Compare to debt to value, which is :\frac=\frac Another measure is fixed costs to variable costs: :\frac Compare to debt to equity ratio: :\frac Both of these measures depend on sales: if the unit variable cost is constant, then as sales increase, operating leverage (as measured by fixed costs to total costs or variable costs) decreases. Contribution Co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sortino Ratio
The Sortino ratio measures the risk-adjusted return of an investment asset, portfolio, or strategy. It is a modification of the Sharpe ratio but penalizes only those returns falling below a user-specified target or required rate of return, while the Sharpe ratio penalizes both upside and downside volatility equally. Though both ratios measure an investment's risk-adjusted return, they do so in significantly different ways that will frequently lead to differing conclusions as to the true nature of the investment's return-generating efficiency. The Sortino ratio is used as a way to compare the risk-adjusted performance of programs with differing risk and return profiles. In general, risk-adjusted returns seek to normalize the risk across programs and then see which has the higher return unit per risk. Definition The ratio S is calculated as : S = \frac , where R is the asset or portfolio average realized return, T is the target or required rate of return for the investment strate ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Business Process Reengineering
Business process re-engineering (BPR) is a business management strategy originally pioneered in the early 1990s, focusing on the analysis and design of workflows and business processes within an organization. BPR aims to help organizations fundamentally rethink how they do their work in order to improve customer service, cut operational costs, and become world-class competitors.Business Process Re-engineering Assessment Guide United States General Accounting Office, May 1997. BPR seeks to help companies radically restructure their organizations by focusing on the ground-up design of their business processes. According to early BPR proponent (1990), a busin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
