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Byzantine–Sasanian War Of 602–628
The Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628, also called the Last Great War of Antiquity, was fought between the Byzantine Empire and the Sasanian Empire. It was the final and most devastating conflict of the Roman–Persian wars (54 BCAD 628). The Byzantine–Sasanian War of 572–591, previous war between the two powers had ended in 591 after the emperor Maurice helped the Sasanian king Khosrow II regain his throne. In 602, Maurice was murdered by his political rival Phocas. Khosrow declared war, ostensibly to avenge the death of the deposed emperor Maurice. This became a decades-long conflict, the longest war in the series, and was fought throughout the Middle East, the Aegean Sea, and before the walls of Constantinople itself. While the Persians proved largely successful during the first stage of the war from 602 to 622, conquering much of the Levant, Egypt, several islands in the Aegean Sea and parts of Anatolia, the ascendancy of the emperor Heraclius in 610 led, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anachronistic
An anachronism (from the Greek , 'against' and , 'time') is a chronological inconsistency in some arrangement, especially a juxtaposition of people, events, objects, language terms and customs from different time periods. The most common type of anachronism is an object misplaced in time, but it may be a verbal expression, a technology, a philosophical idea, a musical style, a material, a plant or animal, a custom, or anything else associated with a particular period that is placed outside its proper temporal domain. An anachronism may be either intentional or unintentional. Intentional anachronisms may be introduced into a literary or artistic work to help a contemporary audience engage more readily with a historical period. Anachronism can also be used intentionally for purposes of rhetoric, propaganda, comedy, or shock. Unintentional anachronisms may occur when a writer, artist, or performer is unaware of differences in technology, terminology and language, customs and att ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Germanus (general Under Phocas)
Germanus (; died 604) was a Byzantine general who served under Emperor Phocas (r. 602–610) in the early stages of the Byzantine-Sassanid War of 602–628. Biography Germanus is possibly the same as the '' dux'' of Phoenice, who was chosen by the army as its leader during the mutiny at Monocarton in Easter 588, in place of Priscus. Although Germanus restored discipline and led the army to a victory against the Persians, he was tried and found guilty by a subsequent tribunal. Sentenced to death, he was quickly pardoned and received rewards from Emperor Maurice (r. 582–602). In 602, shortly before the outbreak of the revolt against Emperor Maurice that brought Phocas to power, Germanus was placed in command of the strategically important fortress of Dara in Mesopotamia. In early 603, he received Lilius, the envoy Phocas had sent to announce his accession to the Persian shah Khosrau II Khosrow II (spelled Chosroes II in classical sources; and ''Khosrau''), commonly known ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ashtat Yeztayar
Ashtat Yeztayar was an Iranian military officer under the Sasanian king Khosrow II (r. 590–628). Ashtat is first mentioned 606/7 as being appointed as the leader of the Sasanian invasion of Armenia, thus succeeding the previous Sasanian commander of Armenia, Senitam Khusro. During his invasion of Armenia, he is said to have had the son of the former Byzantine emperor Maurice, Theodosius, as his companion (or one pretending to be him). Ashtat soon managed to rout a Byzantine army at Phasiane and then harassed them as far as Satala. He then marched towards Theodosiopolis, and managed to make the city surrender by showing them Theodosius. He then seized several Armenian cities such as Citharizum Citharizum () was a town and fortress on the south arm of the Euphrates in the Roman province of Roman Armenia, Armenia III. It was a place of great strength which was built by the emperor Justinian and was the residence of one of the five prefect ..., Satala, Nicopolis and Apast ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Narses (magister Militum Per Orientem)
Narses () was a Byzantine general of Armenian ancestry active during the reigns of the emperors Maurice and Phocas in the late sixth and early seventh centuries CE. He commanded the army in Mesopotamia as the '' magister militum per Orientem'' under Maurice. Together with Khosrow II, he fought against the Sasanian usurper Bahram Chobin Bahrām Chōbīn () or Wahrām Chōbēn (Middle Persian: ; died 591), also known by his epithet Mehrbandak ("servant of Mithra"), was a nobleman, general, and political leader of the late Sasanian Empire and briefly its ruler as Bahram VI (). So .... When Phocas overthrew Maurice and seized the throne, Narses refused to recognize the usurper. Besieged by Phocas' troops in the city of Edessa, Narses called for Khosrow to aid him and was rescued by the Persian forces. He attempted to salvage the situation with a diplomatic mission but was burned alive in Constantinople by Phocas' government after having been promised safety. References * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rhahzadh
Rhahzadh (), originally Roch Vehan (from , "son of Rōzbeh"), known in Byzantine sources as Rhazates () was a Sasanian general of Armenian origin under Shah Khosrow II (r. 590–628). Biography As the war that had begun in 602 between the Sasanian Empire and the Byzantine Empire came close to its twenty-fifth year, the Byzantine Emperor Heraclius (r. 610–641) made a bold move. As the campaigning season of 627 ended, Heraclius gathered his heterogeneous army of Göktürks and Byzantines, and invaded the Persian heartland at the beginning of September. The news threw Khosrau into a panic. After fifteen years of war, his army was exhausted and his two foremost generals were not available; Shahin was dead and Shahrbaraz was away in Egypt, fearing that Khosrau wanted him dead. Consequently, Khosrau gathered an army and appointed as its commander Rhahzadh, a warlike and brave nobleman. Rhahzadh moved to cut off Heraclius and prevent him from reaching Ctesiphon, the Persian cap ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stephen I Of Iberia
Stephen I ( ka, სტეფანოზ I, ''Step'anoz I or Stephanoz I''; died 628), of the Guaramid Dynasty, was a presiding prince of Iberia ( Kartli, central and eastern Georgia) from c. 590 to 627. He was killed after the Siege of Tbilisi by the invading Byzantine army. Life The son and successor of Guaram I of Iberia, Stephen reversed his father’s pro-Byzantine politics to pro-Sasanian and, through loyalty to his Sasanid suzerains, succeeded in reuniting Iberia under his sway. He made Tbilisi his capital and defended it with a Georgian-Sasanian force from the army of Byzantine emperor Heraclius allied with the Khazars (see Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628). In 627, the Byzantine Empire and the Western Turkic Khaganate invaded Iberia placing Tbilisi under siege. The city fell in 628, and Stephen was flayed alive. His office was given to Adarnase I, his relative of the old Chosroid house. Suny, Ronald Grigor (1994), ''The Making of the Georgian Nation: 2nd edit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shahraplakan
Shahraplakan (), rendered Sarablangas () in Greek sources, was a Sassanid Persian general ('' spahbed'') who participated in the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628 and the Third Perso-Turkic War. Biography Shahraplakan first appears in 624, when the Persian shah Khosrow II (r. 590–628) entrusted him with the command of the so-called "New Army", composed of the regiments of ''Khosroēgetai'' and ''Perozitai'' according to Theophanes the Confessor. With this army, Shahraplakan was to counter the Byzantine emperor Heraclius (r. 610–641), who had invaded Persarmenia and was wintering in Caucasian Albania.. Shahraplakan's army was successful in recovering many towns and driving the Byzantines back to the Siwnik area, and sought to capture key passes so as to prevent Heraclius from descending south into northwestern Persia ( Adurbadagan). Heraclius, however, managed to avoid encirclement through a series of maneuvers. Shahraplakan followed him but did not engage him, hoping ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shahin Vahmanzadegan
Shahen or Shahin (Middle Persian: ''Shāhēn Vahūmanzādagān'', in Greek sources: ; died ) was a senior Sasanian general ('' spahbed'') during the reign of Khosrow II (590–628). He was a member of the House of Spandiyadh. Biography Shahin is first mentioned in 602, after the outbreak of the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628, where he commanded the forces invading Byzantine territory in the Transcaucasia, winning a battle against Domentziolus near Theodosiopolis in 607/8. Following the expulsion of Roman forces from that region, in 611 Shahin led an advance into Anatolia, capturing Caesarea. There, Phocas' son-in-law Priscus, started a year-long siege to trap them inside the city. However, Shahin's troops escaped Priscus' blockade and burned Caesarea, much to Heraclius' displeasure. In 613 the Roman offensive pressed on into Syria, but the combined Persian armies under Shahin and Shahrbaraz crushingly defeated Heraclius near Antioch. After this victory the Persians l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shahrbaraz
Shahrbaraz (also spelled Shahrvaraz or Shahrwaraz; New Persian: ) was shah (king) of the Sasanian Empire from 27 April 630 to 9 June 630. He usurped the throne from Ardashir III, and was killed by Iranian nobles after forty days. Before usurping the Sasanian throne he was a '' spahbed'' (general) under Khosrow II (590–628). He is furthermore noted for his important role during the climactic Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628, and the events that followed afterwards. Name ' is actually a title, literally meaning "the Boar of the Empire", attesting to his dexterity in military command and his warlike personality, as the boar was the animal associated with the Zoroastrian Izad Vahram, the epitome of victory. ''Shahrwarāz'' ( Inscriptional Pahlavi: štlwlʾc) is a Middle Persian word, with ''shahr'' meaning "country" and ''warāz'' meaning "boar". This word is rendered as ''Shahrbarāz'' () in New Persian and as ''Sarvaros'' (Greek: ; Latin: ') in Byzantine sources. F ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ziebel
Tong Yabghu Qaghan (r. 618–628 or 630) was the khagan of the Western Turkic Khaganate from 618 to 628 AD. Tong Yabghu was the brother of Sheguy (r. 611–618), the previous khagan of the western Göktürks, and was a member of the Ashina clan; his reign is generally regarded as the zenith of the Western Göktürk Khaganate. Name His name is transcribed with Chinese character 統, which means "main silk thread > guideline, to unite, to command, to govern". Karakhanid scholar Mahmud al-Kashgari, writing in the 11th century, glossed ''toŋa'' in Middle Turkic as basically meaning tiger. Gerard Clauson argues against Kashgari and states that ''toŋa'' means vaguely "hero, outstanding warrior". Reign Tong Yabghu maintained close relations with the Tang dynasty of China, and may have married into the Imperial family. The Chinese Buddhist pilgrim Xuanzang visited the western Göktürk capital Suyab in modern Kyrgyzstan and left a description of the khagan. Scholars believ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bonus (patrician)
Bonus (, died 627) was a Byzantine Empire, Byzantine statesman and general, one of the closest associates of Emperor Heraclius (r. 610–641), who played a leading role in the successful defense of the imperial capital, Constantinople, during the Avars (Carpathians), Avar–Sassanid Persia, Persian Siege of Constantinople (626), siege of 626. Biography Almost nothing is known of Bonus's origins or private life. In a panegyric poem dedicated to Bonus in 626, George Pisides calls him a "companion in arms" of Heraclius, possibly implying that Bonus accompanied him when he sailed from Exarchate of Africa, Africa in 610 to overthrow Emperor Phocas (r. 602–610). He is also known to have had an illegitimate son, John, who was sent as a hostage to the Avars (Carpathians), Avars in 622.. At this time, the Byzantine Empire was engaged in a Byzantine-Sassanid War of 602–628, prolonged struggle with its large eastern antagonist, the Sassanid Persian Empire. Over the previous twenty year ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Theodore (brother Of Heraclius)
Theodore (, ; fl. c. 610 – 636) was the brother (or half-brother) of the Byzantine emperor Heraclius (), a ''curopalates'' and leading general in Heraclius' Byzantine-Sassanid War of 602–628, wars against the Persians and against the Muslim conquest of Syria, Muslim conquest of the Levant. Life He was the son of the general and exarch of Africa Heraclius the Elder, and is usually regarded as the brother (although John of Nikiu suggests him to be the half-brother) of Heraclius. Soon after Heraclius' overthrow of the emperor Phocas (r. 602–610), Theodore was appointed to the crucial post of ''curopalates'', controlling the palace administration, which at the time was ranked second in importance only to the imperial office itself.Martindale, Jones & Morris (1992), p. 1278 In 612, after the deposition and imprisonment of the ''magister militum per Orientem'' Priscus (magister militum), Priscus, command of his troops was assumed by Theodore and Philippicus (comes excubitorum), ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
