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Border Peace And Tranquility Agreement, 1993
The Border Peace and Tranquility Agreement (BPTA or MPTA; formally the ''Agreement on the Maintenance of Peace and Tranquility along the Line of Actual Control in the India–China Border Areas'') is an agreement signed by China and India in September 1993, agreeing to maintain the ''status quo'' on their mutual border pending an eventual boundary settlement. The Agreement on Military Confidence Building Measures, 1996, pursuant to the 1993 agreement, incrementally details the military confidence building measures to be implemented that would ensure no-war. The Protocol for the Implementation of Military Confidence Building Measures, 2005 further discussed Modality (natural language), modalities to implement the confidence building measures. In numerous border incidents the agreements have been adhered to, successfully maintaining peace, or in other words, successfully preventing conflict. The agreements are not solely responsible for this success. Political will and other intere ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sino-Indian Border Dispute
The Sino–Indian border dispute is an ongoing territorial dispute over the sovereignty of two relatively large, and several smaller, separated pieces of territory between China and India. The territorial disputes between the two countries stem from the legacy of British colonial-era border agreements, particularly the McMahon Line in the eastern sector, which was drawn in 1914 during the Simla Convention between British India and Tibet but was never accepted by China. In the western sector, the dispute involves Aksai Chin, a region historically linked to the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir but effectively controlled by China after the 1962 war. The lack of mutually recognized boundary agreements has led to ongoing tensions and occasional military clashes. The first of the territories, Aksai Chin, is administered by China and claimed by India; it is mostly uninhabited high-altitude wasteland but with some significant pasture lands at the margins. It lies at the intersec ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shivshankar Menon
Shivshankar Menon (born 5 July 1949) is a retired Indian diplomat of Indian Foreign Service who served as National Security Advisor of India to the Prime Minister Manmohan Singh. He had previously served as the Foreign Secretary in the Ministry of External Affairs. Prior to that he was Indian High Commissioner to Pakistan, and Sri Lanka and ambassador to China and Israel. He is currently Distinguished Fellow at the Centre for Social and Economic Progress. He is also Visiting Professor of International Relations at Ashoka University. Early life and education Shivshankar Menon hails from Ottapalam in the Palakkad district of Kerala. He comes from a family of diplomats; his father, Parappil Narayana Menon, served as the ambassador to Yugoslavia in his last days. His grandfather K. P. S. Menon (senior) was India's first Foreign Secretary, while his uncle K. P. S. Menon (junior) was the former Indian ambassador to China and the 15th Foreign Secretary. His great-grandfather, Sir ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Treaties Of India
A treaty is a formal, legally binding written agreement between sovereign states and/or international organizations that is governed by international law. A treaty may also be known as an international agreement, protocol, covenant, convention, pact, or exchange of letters, among other terms; however, only documents that are legally binding on the parties are considered treaties under international law. Treaties may be bilateral (between two countries) or multilateral (involving more than two countries). Treaties are among the earliest manifestations of international relations; the first known example is a border agreement between the Sumerian city-states of Lagash and Umma around 3100 BC. International agreements were used in some form by most major civilizations and became increasingly common and more sophisticated during the early modern era. The early 19th century saw developments in diplomacy, foreign policy, and international law reflected by the widespread use of trea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Treaties Concluded In 1993
A treaty is a formal, legally binding written agreement between sovereign states and/or international organizations that is governed by international law. A treaty may also be known as an international agreement, protocol, covenant, convention, pact, or exchange of letters, among other terms; however, only documents that are legally binding on the parties are considered treaties under international law. Treaties may be bilateral (between two countries) or multilateral (involving more than two countries). Treaties are among the earliest manifestations of international relations; the first known example is a border agreement between the Sumerian city-states of Lagash and Umma around 3100 BC. International agreements were used in some form by most major civilizations and became increasingly common and more sophisticated during the early modern era. The early 19th century saw developments in diplomacy, foreign policy, and international law reflected by the widespread use of tre ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1993 In Indian Politics
The General Assembly of the United Nations designated 1993 as: * International Year for the World's Indigenous People The year 1993 in the Kwajalein Atoll Kwajalein Atoll (; Marshallese language, Marshallese: ) is part of the Marshall Islands, Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI). The southernmost and largest island in the atoll is named Kwajalein Island, which its majority English-speaking re ... in the Marshall Islands had only 364 days, since its calendar advanced 24 hours to the Eastern Hemisphere side of the International Date Line, skipping August 21, 1993. Events January * January 1 ** Czechoslovakia ceases to exist, as the Czech Republic and Slovakia separate in the Dissolution of Czechoslovakia. ** The European Economic Community eliminates trade barriers and creates a European single market. ** International Radio and Television Organization ceases. * January 3 – In Moscow, Presidents George H. W. Bush (United States) and Boris Yeltsin (Russia) sign th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1993 In China
The following lists events from 1993 in China. Incumbents *General Secretary of the Communist Party: Jiang Zemin *President: Yang Shangkun (until 27 March), Jiang Zemin (starting 27 March) *Premier: Li Peng *Vice President: Wang Zhen (until 5 March), Rong Yiren (starting 12 March) * Vice Premier: Yao Yilin (until 5 March), Zhu Rongji (starting 25 March) Governors * Governor of Anhui Province – Fu Xishou * Governor of Fujian Province – Jia Qinglin * Governor of Gansu Province – ** until January: Jia Zhijie ** January–September: Yan Haiwang ** starting September: Zhang Wule * Governor of Guangdong Province – Zhu Senlin * Governor of Guizhou Province – Wang Zhaowen then Chen Shineng * Governor of Hainan Province – Liu Jianfeng then Ruan Chongwu * Governor of Hebei Province – Cheng Weigao then Ye Liansong * Governor of Heilongjiang Province – Shao Qihui * Governor of Henan Province – Li Changchun then ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Border Defence Cooperation Agreement
The Agreement between India and China on Border Defence Cooperation (BDCA) covers border stability and security, information asymmetry, smuggling, socio-economic reconstruction, environment and disease transmission along the line of actual control. It is an incremental addition to the previous border agreements related to the Sino-Indian border dispute. BDCA is one of the growing number of defence cooperation agreements being signed between countries worldwide. Background China proposed the BDCA as early as the 5th India-China annual defence dialogue (ADD) in January 2013. The following months saw negotiations and counter-proposals by India. In April 2013, India reported a Chinese PLA incursion at the mouth of Depsang Bulge near the Line of Actual Control in eastern Ladakh. This three week face-off was one of the border incidents that took place during the drafting of the agreement. In July 2013, India also saw PLA movement into Chumar and transgressions in Barahoti and Dich ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Working Mechanism For Consultation And Coordination On India-China Border Affairs
Working may refer to: * Work (human activity), intentional activity people perform to support themselves, others, or the community Arts and media * ''Working'' (musical), a 1978 musical * ''Working'' (TV series), an American sitcom * ''Working'' (Caro book), a 2019 book by Robert Caro * ''Working'' (Terkel book), a 1974 book by Studs Terkel * ''Working!!'', a manga by Karino Takatsu * "Working" (song), by Tate McRae and Khalid, 2021 Engineering and technology * Cold working or cold forming, the shaping of metal below its recrystallization temperature * Hot working, the shaping of metal above its recrystallization temperature * Multiple working, having more than one locomotive under the control of one driver * Live-line working, the maintenance of electrical equipment while it is energised * Single-line working, using one train track out of two Other uses * Holbrook Working (1895–1985), statistician and economist * Working the system, exploiting rules and procedures for un ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Agreement On The Political Parameters And Guiding Principles For The Settlement Of The India-China Boundary Question, 2005
Agreement may refer to: Agreements between people and organizations * Gentlemen's agreement, not enforceable by law * Trade agreement, between countries * Consensus (other), a decision-making process * Contract, enforceable in a court of law ** Meeting of the minds (a.k.a. mutual agreement), a common understanding in the formation of a contract * Pact, convention, or treaty between nations, sub-national entities, organizations, corporations Arts and media *''Agreement'', a 1978 book of poetry by Peter Seaton * ''Agreement'' (film), a 1980 Bollywood film Science and mathematics * Agreement (linguistics) or ''concord'', a change in the form of a word depending on grammatical features of another word * Consistency, logical agreement between two or more propositions * Reliability (statistics) in the sense of, for example, inter-rater agreement Other uses * Agreement (political party), a Polish political party * Operation Agreement, a British 1942 military operation during ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
India-China Joint Working Group On The Boundary Question
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Chinese Indian or Indian Chinese may refer to: * China–India relations * Chinese community in India * Indians in China * Chindians, people of mixed Indian and Chinese descent * Indian Chinese cuisine, adaptation of Chinese seasoning and cooking techniques to Indian tastes * Chindia, China and India taken together See also * Indo-Chinese (other) * Sino-Indian skirmish (other) *Other South Asian communities in China: **Nepalis in China **Pakistanis in China Pakistanis in China consist largely of temporary residents, including international students and cross-border traders. They are concentrated in the Xinjiang Autonomous regions of China, autonomous region of Northwest China. Students In December 2 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Barahoti
Barahoti (Bara Hoti, Hoti Plain), also called Wu-Je or Wure (), located in the 'middle sector' of the disputed Sino-Indian border, is a sloping plain situated in the Indian state of Uttarakhand, Chamoli district. It is disputed by China, which also disputes a area surrounding it. The entire disputed area also goes by the name "Barahoti", or sometimes "Barahoti–Sangchamalla–Lapthal disputed area". The entire area is on the Ganges side of the Sutlej–Ganges water divide, which is also the current Line of Actual Control between India and China. Barahoti was the first location in Indian territory claimed by China in 1954. In 1960, China added Lapthal and Sangchamalla to the dispute and said that three places formed one composite area. Geography The ''Himalayan Gazetteer'' (1884) states that the watershed that forms the boundary between India and Tibet in the region of Uttarakhand is "a simple longitudinal range" for the most part, but its structure is a little complicated ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
