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Bora–Witoto Languages
Bora–Witóto (also Bora–Huitoto, Bora–Uitoto, or, ambiguously, Witotoan) is a proposal to unite the Boran languages, Boran and Witotoan languages, Witotoan language families of southwestern Colombia (Amazonas Department, Colombia, Amazonas Department) and neighboring regions of Peru and Brazil. Kaufman (1994) added the Andoque language. Family division *Boran languages, Boran *Witotoan languages, Witotoan (or Witoto–Ocaina) Kaufman (1994) lists Bóran and Witótoan (Huitoto–Ocaina) as separate families (they are grouped together with Andoque language, Andoque as ''Bora–Witótoan''; by 2007 he moved Andoque to Witotoan). Genetic relations Aschmann (1993) proposed Bora–Witoto as a connection between the Boran and Witotoan language families. Echeverri & Seifart (2016) refute the connection. Kaufman (2007) includes Bora-Witoto in his Macro-Andean proposal, and added the Andoque language to the Witotoan family.Kaufman, Terrence. 2007. South America. In: R. E. Asher an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Language Family
A language family is a group of languages related through descent from a common ''ancestral language'' or ''parental language'', called the proto-language of that family. The term "family" reflects the tree model of language origination in historical linguistics, which makes use of a metaphor comparing languages to people in a biological family tree, or in a subsequent modification, to species in a phylogenetic tree of evolutionary taxonomy. Linguists therefore describe the ''daughter languages'' within a language family as being ''genetically related''. According to '' Ethnologue'' there are 7,151 living human languages distributed in 142 different language families. A living language is defined as one that is the first language of at least one person. The language families with the most speakers are: the Indo-European family, with many widely spoken languages native to Europe (such as English and Spanish) and South Asia (such as Hindi and Bengali); and the Sino-Tibeta ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Andoque Language
Andoque is a language spoken by a few hundred Andoque people in Colombia, and is in decline. There were 10,000 speakers in 1908, down to 370 a century later, of which at most 50 are monolingual. The remaining speakers live in the area of the Anduche River, downstream from Araracuara, Solano, Caquetá, Colombia; the language is no longer spoken in Peru. Most speakers shifted to Spanish. Classification Andoque may be related to the extinct Urequena language (also ''Urekena'' or ''Arequena'') which is known only from a single 19th century wordlist. Kaufman's (2007) ''Bora–Witótoan stock'' includes Andoque in the Witótoan family, but other linguists, such as Richard Aschmann, consider Andoque an isolate. Phonology Vowels Landaburu (2000) reports nine oral vowels and six nasal vowels. Consonants The phoneme // is represented orthographically as and the phoneme /j/ is written . Tone Andoque vowels have one of two phonological tones, low or high, with the low tone b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Boran Languages
Boran (also known as Bora–Muinane, Bora–Muiname, Bóran, Miranyan, Miranya, Bórano) is a small language family, consisting of just two languages. Languages The two Boran languages are: *Bora language, Bora (also known as Bora–Miranya, Boro, Meamuyna) of western Brazil (Amazonas (Brazilian state), Amazonas State) *Muinane language, Muinane (also known as Bora Muinane, Muinane Bora, Muinani, Muename) of southwestern Colombia (Amazonas Department, Colombia, Amazonas Department) Loukotka (1968) also lists Nonuya, spoken at the sources of the Cahuinari River, as a Boran language. Only a few words were documented. Synonymy note: * The name ''Muiname'' has been used to refer to the ''Muinane language (Bora Muinane)'' of the Boran family and also to the ''Nipode language (Witoto Muinane)'' of the Witotoan family. Genetic relations Aschmann (1993) proposed that the Boran and Witotoan language families were related, in a ''Bora–Witoto languages, Bora–Witoto'' stock. Echeverri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Witotoan Languages
Witotoan (also Huitotoan or Uitotoan, occasionally known as Huitoto–Ocaina to distinguish it from Bora–Witoto) is a small language family of southwestern Colombia (Amazonas Department) and the neighbouring region of Peru. Genetic relations Aschmann (1993) proposed that the Boran and Witotoan language families were related, in a '' Bora–Witoto'' stock. Echeverri & Seifart (2016) refute the connection. Language contact Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Pijao, Yaruro, Arawak, Bora-Muinane, Choko, and Tukano language families due to contact. Some of this contact had occurred due to the expansion of Witotoan speakers down the Putumayo River. Family division * Ocaina (also rendered Okaina) * Witoto Proper ** Nïpode (also known as Nüpode, Nipode Huitoto, Nipode Witoto, Witoto Muinane, Muinane Huitoto, Muiname) **Mïnïca–Murai *** Mïnïca (also known as Witoto Meneca, Meneca, Meneka, Noaiko-Muína, Southern Witoto, Minica Huitoto, Minic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Colombia
Colombia (, ; ), officially the Republic of Colombia, is a country in South America with insular regions in North America—near Nicaragua's Caribbean coast—as well as in the Pacific Ocean. The Colombian mainland is bordered by the Caribbean Sea to the north, Venezuela to the east and northeast, Brazil to the southeast, Ecuador and Peru to the south and southwest, the Pacific Ocean to the west, and Panama to the northwest. Colombia is divided into 32 departments and the Capital District of Bogotá, the country's largest city. It covers an area of 1,141,748 square kilometers (440,831 sq mi), and has a population of 52 million. Colombia's cultural heritage—including language, religion, cuisine, and art—reflects its history as a Spanish colony, fusing cultural elements brought by immigration from Europe and the Middle East, with those brought by enslaved Africans, as well as with those of the various Amerindian civilizations that predate colonization. Spanis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Amazonas Department, Colombia
Amazonas () is a department of Southern Colombia in the south of the country. It is the largest department in area while also having the 3rd smallest population. Its capital is Leticia and its name comes from the Amazon River, which drains the department. Toponymy The department name comes from the name of the Amazon River. The river was named by the Spanish explorer Francisco de Orellana (1511 - 1546), who, on his voyage of exploration, said he was attacked by "fierce females" looked like Amazons of the Greek mythology, however, the existence of a female warrior tribe in that time hasn't been demonstrated and it is possible that they were long-haired Native American warriors who impressed the conqueror who called the jungle and the river with the name of Amazon. Demographics The following ethnic groups are found in the department: Bora, Cocama, Macuna, Mirana, Okaina, Ticunas, Tucano, Uitoto, Yagua, and Yucuna, among others. These groups are more than 5,000 years old. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Macro-Andean
Macro-Andean is a speculative proposal by Kaufman (2007) linking languages of the northern Andes. Kaufman (1990) found lexical support for proposals linking the Jivaro–Cahuapanan families as suggested by Swadesh and others. By 2007 he had tentatively added Saparo–Yawan, which is itself provisional, and Bora–Witoto. Languages Kaufman (2007) posits the following membership. The unclassified languages Urarina, Puelche, Sabela, Taushiro, Omurano are included in the Kawapanan and Yawan branches. * Hivaro–Kawapánan ** Kawapánan ( Chayawita, Hevero, Urarina, Puelche Puelche or Puelches may refer to: *Puelche people, an indigenous people of Argentina and Chile *Puelche language, spoken by the Puelche people * Puelche (wind), a dry wind of Chile *Puelches, La Pampa Puelches is a village and rural locality (munic ...) ** Hivaro * Sáparo–Yawan ** Sáparo **Yawan ( Peva–Yawan, Sabela, Taushiro, Omurano) * Bora–Witotoan (including Andoque within Witotoan) Refer ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Language Isolate
Language isolates are languages that cannot be classified into larger language families. Korean and Basque are two of the most common examples. Other language isolates include Ainu in Asia, Sandawe in Africa, and Haida in North America. The number of language isolates is unknown. A language isolate is unrelated to any other, which makes it the only language in its own language family. It is a natural language with no demonstrable genealogical (or "genetic") relationships—one that has not been demonstrated to descend from an ancestor common with any other language. One explanation for the existence of language isolates is that they might be the last remaining branch of a larger language family. The language possibly had relatives in the past which have since disappeared without being documented. Another explanation for language isolates is that they developed in isolation from other languages. This explanation mostly applies to sign languages that have arisen independently ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tupian Languages
The Tupi or Tupian language family comprises some 70 languages spoken in South America, of which the best known are Tupi proper and Guarani. Homeland and ''urheimat'' Rodrigues (2007) considers the Proto-Tupian urheimat to be somewhere between the Guaporé and Aripuanã rivers, in the Madeira River basin. Much of this area corresponds to the modern-day state of Rondônia, Brazil. 5 of the 10 Tupian branches are found in this area, as well as some Tupi–Guarani languages (especially Kawahíb), making it the probable urheimat of these languages and maybe of its speaking peoples. Rodrigues believes the Proto-Tupian language dates back to around 3,000 BC. Language contact Tupian languages have extensively influenced many language families in South America. Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Arawa, Bora-Muinane, Guato, Irantxe, Jivaro, Karib, Kayuvava, Mura-Matanawi, Taruma, Trumai, Yanomami, Harakmbet, Katukina-Katawixi, Arawak, Bororo, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zaparoan Languages
Zaparoan (also Sáparoan, Záparo, Zaparoano, Zaparoana) is an endangered language family of Peru and Ecuador with fewer than 100 speakers. Zaparoan speakers seem to have been very numerous before the arrival of the Europeans. However, their groups have been decimated by imported diseases and warfare, and only a handful of them have survived. Languages There were 39 Zaparoan-speaking tribes at the beginning of the 20th century, every one of them presumably using its own distinctive language or dialect. Most of them have become extinct before being recorded, however, and we have information only about nine of them. * Zaparo group ** Záparo–Conambo *** Záparo (a few speakers left) *** Conambo † ** Arabela–Andoa *** Arabela (50 speakers) *** Andoa † * Iquito–Cahuarano ** Iquito (35 speakers) ** Cahuarano † * Unclassified ** Aushiri † ** ? Omurano † Aushiri and Omurano are included by Stark (1985). Aushiri is generally accepted as Zaparoan, but Omurano rema ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Smithsonian Institution
The Smithsonian Institution ( ), or simply the Smithsonian, is a group of museums and education and research centers, the largest such complex in the world, created by the U.S. government "for the increase and diffusion of knowledge". Founded on August 10, 1846, it operates as a trust instrumentality and is not formally a part of any of the three branches of the federal government. The institution is named after its founding donor, British scientist James Smithson. It was originally organized as the United States National Museum, but that name ceased to exist administratively in 1967. Called "the nation's attic" for its eclectic holdings of 154 million items, the institution's 19 museums, 21 libraries, nine research centers, and zoo include historical and architectural landmarks, mostly located in the District of Columbia. Additional facilities are located in Maryland, New York, and Virginia. More than 200 institutions and museums in 45 states,States without Smithsonian ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bureau Of American Ethnology
The Bureau of American Ethnology (or BAE, originally, Bureau of Ethnology) was established in 1879 by an act of Congress for the purpose of transferring archives, records and materials relating to the Indians of North America from the Interior Department to the Smithsonian Institution. But from the start, the bureau's visionary founding director, John Wesley Powell, promoted a broader mission: "to organize anthropologic research in America." Under Powell, the bureau organized research-intensive multi-year projects; sponsored ethnographic, archaeological and linguistic field research; initiated publications series (most notably its Annual Reports and Bulletins); and promoted the fledgling discipline of anthropology. It prepared exhibits for expositions and collected anthropological artifacts for the Smithsonian United States National Museum. In addition, the BAE was the official repository of documents concerning American Indians collected by the various US geological surveys, espe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
