Bibia Mudalal
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Bibia Mudalal
Bibia Mudalal () was a 19th-century Mandaean priest and scribe. She was perhaps the last Mandaean female priest. She is known as the wife of Ram Zihrun. Bibia Mudalal's mother was Hawa Simat, and her father was Adam Yuhana, son of Sam. Her father came from the Kamisia and Riš Draz families. She was a scribe who copied the Ginza Rabba and also a priest who was likely initiated before the 1831 cholera epidemic that killed all of the other Mandaean priests. Bibia Mudalal was the grandmother of Sheikh Negm (or Sheikh Nejm; born 1892 in Huwaiza, Iran), who copied many manuscripts for E. S. Drower. See also *Ram Zihrun *Yahya Bihram *Negm bar Zahroon *List of Mandaean priests This article contains a list of historical and active Mandaean priests, all of whom have the ranks of Rishama, Ganzibra or Tarmida. Mandaean priestly families include the Manduia (Manduwi), Kupašia ( Khaffagi), Kuhailia ( Choheili), and Durakia ... References {{DEFAULTSORT:Mudalal, Bibia Mandaean ...
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Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire (), also called the Turkish Empire, was an empire, imperial realm that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Central Europe, between the early 16th and early 18th centuries. The empire emerged from a Anatolian beyliks, ''beylik'', or principality, founded in northwestern Anatolia in by the Turkoman (ethnonym), Turkoman tribal leader Osman I. His successors Ottoman wars in Europe, conquered much of Anatolia and expanded into the Balkans by the mid-14th century, transforming their petty kingdom into a transcontinental empire. The Ottomans ended the Byzantine Empire with the Fall of Constantinople, conquest of Constantinople in 1453 by Mehmed II. With its capital at History of Istanbul#Ottoman Empire, Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul) and control over a significant portion of the Mediterranean Basin, the Ottoman Empire was at the centre of interacti ...
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Mandaean Priest
A Mandaean priest or ''Tarmida'' () refers to an ordained religious leader in Mandaeism. Overview All priests must undergo lengthy ordination ceremonies, beginning with tarmida initiation. Mandaean religious leaders and copyists of religious texts hold the title in Arabic, Sheikh. In Iran, they are also occasionally referred to as Mullah. All Mandaean communities traditionally require the presence of a priest, since priests are required to officiate over all important religious rituals, including masbuta, masiqta, birth and wedding ceremonies. Priests also serve as teachers, scribes, and community leaders. Many Mandaean diaspora communities do not have easy access to priests. Due to the shortage of priests in the Mandaean diaspora, ''halala'' () or learned Mandaean laymen who are ritually clean (both individually and in terms of family background) can sometimes assume minor roles typically assumed by ordained priests. Such laymen taking on limited priestly roles are called ''paisa ...
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Ram Zihrun
Ram Zihrun () was a 19th-century Mandaean priest. Although initially a learned layman (''yalufa''), he became known for reviving the Mandaean priesthood together with his cousin Yahya Bihram after a cholera epidemic had killed all living Mandaean priests in 1831. He is mentioned in the colophons of various Mandaean manuscripts. Ram Zihrun was also informally known by Mandaeans as Sheikh Abdullah. Early life Ram Zihrun was born sometime during the 18th century as the son of the Mandaean priest Sam Bihram (), and belonged to the ‘Aziz and Kupašia ( Khaffagi) families. Mandaean priesthood revival Ram Zihrun and his younger cousin Yahya Bihram were two ''šgandas'' (priest assistants) who were the surviving sons of deceased priests during the aftermath of the 1831 cholera epidemic. Together, the two of them went on to revive the Mandaean priesthood by initiating each other as ''tarmida'' (junior priests), and later as ''ganzibra'' (high priests), in Suq eš-Šuyuk, Iraq. As a ...
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Yahya Bihram
Yahya Bihram (also spelled Yahia Bihram; ) was a 19th-century Mandaean priest. Although initially a learned layman (''yalufa''), he became known for reviving the Mandaean priesthood after a cholera epidemic had killed all living Mandaean priests in 1831. He is mentioned in the colophons of various Mandaean manuscripts. Early life Yahya Bihram was born around 1811 as the son of the Mandaean '' ganzibra'' (high priest) Adam Yuhana (), and belonged to the Qindila ("lamp"), Kamisia, and Riš Draz families. His father, Adam Yuhana, had previously served as an informant for the British Vice-Consul John George Taylor in Basra and taught him to read the '' Ginza Rabba''. Adam Yuhana also copied the manuscripts DC 12, 38, 39, 41, and 53, which are now held at the Bodleian Library's Drower Collection. Yahya Bihram spent his childhood in Basra, in his father's large house next to Taylor's house. Taylor collected various Mandaean texts transcribed by Adam Yuhana, which were later don ...
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Negm Bar Zahroon
Ganzibra Negm bar Zahroon (Mandaean baptismal name, baptismal name: Adam Negm bar Zakia Zihrun ; ; born 1892, Huwaiza; died 1976, Qal'at Saleh District) was a Mandaean priest. He is known for his role as E. S. Drower's main field consultant who helped her procure dozens of Mandaic texts, now kept in the Bodleian Library's Drower Collection. Names He is often known simply as Sheikh Negm or Sheikh Nejm in E. S. Drower's writings. His Mandaean baptismal name is Adam Negm bar Zakia Zihrun bar Ram Zihrun (or also Negm bar Zihrun ). In his letters to Drower, he refers to himself as Sheikh Negm, son of Sheikh Zahroon. Life Sheikh Negm was born in Huwaiza in 1892 into the Khaffagi (written Mandaic: ''Kupašia'') clan. He lived in Khorramshahr during his early youth. He later moved to Liṭlaṭa, Qal'at Saleh District, Qal'at Saleh in 1914, where he was later initiated as a tarmida. He became acquainted with E. S. Drower sometime before 1933, with whom he had a lifelong collaboration. He ...
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Abdullah Bar Negm
Sheikh (''Rabbi'') Abdullah bar Negm (; born in Qal'at Saleh, Iraq; died 2009, Nijmegen, Netherlands) was an Iraqi Mandaean priest who served as the Rishama (Mandaean patriarch) of Baghdad, Iraq from 1981 to 1999. Life Rabbi Negm was born into the Khaffagi (written Mandaic: ''Kupašia'') clan. In 1947, his father, Rabbi Negm bar Zahroon, who had just become a ganzibra that same year, initiated him into the Mandaean priesthood. Abdullah bar Negm's ordination was mentioned in his father's two-page letter to E. S. Drower, which was dated February 4, 1948. Abdullah bar Negm married Rabbi Abdullah Khaffagi's daughter Šarat (Sharat) from Ahvaz, Iran. Rafid al-Sabti, a tarmida currently residing in Nijmegen, Netherlands, is the son of Rabbi Abdullah. Abdullah bar Negm became Rishama of Baghdad after Dakhil Aidan's death in 1964. Rabbi Abdullah bar Negm was known for initiating Sheikh Haithem (now known as Brikha Nasoraia, a ganzibra and professor living in Sydney, Australia) into ...
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Rafid Al-Sabti
Rbai Rafid al-Sabti, known in full as Rafid al-Rishama Abdallah al-Ganzibra Zahrun al-Rishama Abdallah al-Sabti (; born 1965, Iraq), is an Iraqi-Dutch Mandaean priest in Nijmegen, Netherlands. Biography Al-Sabti was born in 1965 to Rishama Abdullah, son of Sheikh Neǧm, in Baghdad, Iraq. He was initiated into the Mandaean priesthood by his father. Al-Sabti later emigrated to the Netherlands. Al-Sabti is the custodian of the Rbai Rafid Collection (RRC), a private collection of Mandaean manuscripts held in Nijmegen, Netherlands. Important manuscripts in the collection include different versions of the Ginza Rabba and a copy of the '' Alma Rišaia Zuṭa'' known as Ms. RRC 3F, as well as a ''qulasta'' inscribed on lead plates. The collection is being digitized and analyzed in collaboration with Matthew Morgenstern.Morgenstern, MatthewNew Manuscript Sources for the Study of Mandaic In: V. Golinets et. al (eds.), ''Neue Beiträge zur Semitistik. Sechstes Treffen der Arbeitsgemeins ...
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Mandaeism
Mandaeism (Mandaic language, Classical Mandaic: ),https://qadaha.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/nhura-dictionary-mandaic-english-mandaic.pdf sometimes also known as Nasoraeanism or Sabianism, is a Gnosticism, Gnostic, Monotheism, monotheistic and ethnic religion with Ancient Greek religion, Greek, Iranian religions, Iranian, and Judaism, Jewish influences. Its adherents, the Mandaeans, revere Adam#In Mandaeism, Adam, Abel#Mandaean interpretation, Abel, Seth#Mandaeism, Seth, Enos (biblical figure)#In Mandaeism, Enos, Noah#Mandaeism, Noah, Shem#In Mandaeism, Shem, Aram, son of Shem, Aram, and especially John the Baptist#Mandaeism, John the Baptist. Mandaeans consider Adam, Seth, Noah, Shem, and John the Baptist prophets, with Adam being the founder of the religion and John being the greatest and Last prophet, final prophet. The Mandaeans speak an Eastern Aramaic languages, Eastern Aramaic language known as Mandaic language, Mandaic. The name 'Mandaean' comes from th ...
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Ginza Rabba
The Ginza Rabba (), Ginza Rba, or Sidra Rabba (), and formerly the Codex Nasaraeus, is the longest and the most important holy scripture of Mandaeism. The Ginza Rabba is composed of two parts: the Right Ginza (GR) and the Left Ginza (GL). The Right Ginza is composed of eighteen tractates and covers a variety of themes and topics, whereas the three tractates that make up the Left Ginza are unified in their focus on the fate of the soul after death. The Left Ginza is also occasionally referred to as the Book of Adam. Language and authorship The language used is Classical Mandaic language, Mandaic, a variety of Eastern Aramaic languages, Eastern Aramaic written in the Mandaic script (Parthian chancellory script), similar to the Syriac script. The authorship is unknown, and dating is a matter of debate, with estimates ranging from the first to third centuries.Drower, Ethel Stefana (1937). The Mandaeans of Iraq and Iran. Oxford At The Clarendon Press, pg. 20. Determining date and ...
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1826–1837 Cholera Pandemic
The second cholera pandemic (1826–1837), also known as the Asiatic cholera pandemic, was a cholera pandemic that reached from India across Western Asia to Europe, Great Britain, and the Americas, as well as east to China and Japan. Cholera caused more deaths than any other epidemic disease in the 19th century, and as such, researchers consider it a defining epidemic disease of the century. The medical community now believes cholera to be exclusively a human disease, spread through many means of travel during the time, and transmitted through warm fecal-contaminated river waters and contaminated foods. During the second pandemic, the scientific community varied in its beliefs about the causes of cholera. History First pandemic The first cholera pandemic (1817–24) began near Kolkata and spread throughout Southeast Asia to the Middle East, eastern Africa, and the Mediterranean coast. While cholera had spread across India many times previously, this outbreak went farther; it re ...
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Huwaiza
Hoveyzeh () is a city in the Central District of Hoveyzeh County, Khuzestan province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district. Demographics Population At the time of the 2006 National Census, the city's population was 14,422 in 2,749 households, when it was capital of the former Hoveyzeh District of Dasht-e Azadegan County. The following census in 2011 counted 16,154 people in 3,779 households, by which time the district had been separated from the county in the establishment of Hoveyzeh County. Hoveyzeh was transferred to the new Central District as the county's capital. The 2016 census measured the population of the city as 19,481 people in 4,904 households. Mandaean community Historically, the town was home to a Mandaean community for centuries, which no longer exists in the 21st century due to emigration. See also * Iran–Iraq war * Khorramshahr * Susangerd * Shadegan * Bostan Bostan, Bustan, Boustan or Boostan () may refer to: Places ...
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List Of Mandaean Priests
This article contains a list of historical and active Mandaean priests, all of whom have the ranks of Rishama, Ganzibra or Tarmida. Mandaean priestly families include the Manduia (Manduwi), Kupašia ( Khaffagi), Kuhailia ( Choheili), and Durakia (Dorragi) families, all of which can be traced back to the mid-1400s. List of Mandaean priests Active As of 2023, Australia has the largest number of active Mandaean priests, all of whom reside in the Western Sydney region. Most of the following list of currently active Mandaean priests is based on Buckley (2023) and from ''The Worlds of Mandaean Priests'' website curated by Christine Robins, Yuhana Nashmi et al. Note that this is a partial, incomplete list. *Rishamma Sattar Jabbar Hilow, Iraq *Rishamma Salah Choheili, Australia *Rishamma Professor Brikha Nasoraia, Australia *Ganzibra Najah Choheili, Iran *Ganzibra Khaldoon Majid Abdullah, Australia *Ganzibra Waleed Khashan, Australia (also known as Walid Abdul Razzak or Walid Ebadfard ...
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