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Bernart D'Auriac
Bernat or Bernart d'Auriac was a minor troubadour notable mainly for initiating a Literary cycle, cycle of five short ''sirventes'' in the summer of 1285. According to a rubric of the chansonnier in which the cycle is preserved, Bernart was a ''mayestre de Bezers'' (Master of Arts, master of Béziers). The ''sirventes'' cycle was prompted by the Aragonese Crusade and the French invasion of Spain. Bernart's speaks first and his pro-French stance marks him off as one of the school of Gallicised troubadours then active at Béziers and including Joan Esteve and Raimon Gaucelm.He begins ''Nostre reys, qu'es d'onor ses par'', "Our king, who is of honour without peer". The reference to Philip III of France as "our king" indicates Bernart's allegiance immediately. Bernart's ''sirventes'' prompted a response from Peter III of Aragon, the king defending from France's invasion, and who in turn was answered by a few ''Cobla (Occitan literary term), coblas'' from Peire Salvatge. Peter's vassal Ro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Troubadour
A troubadour (, ; ) was a composer and performer of Old Occitan lyric poetry during the High Middle Ages (1100–1350). Since the word ''troubadour'' is etymologically masculine, a female equivalent is usually called a ''trobairitz''. The troubadour school or tradition began in the late 11th century in Occitania, but it subsequently spread to the Italian and Iberian Peninsulas. Under the influence of the troubadours, related movements sprang up throughout Europe: the Minnesang in Germany, '' trovadorismo'' in Galicia and Portugal, and that of the trouvères in northern France. Dante Alighieri in his '' De vulgari eloquentia'' defined the troubadour lyric as ''fictio rethorica musicaque poita'': rhetorical, musical, and poetical fiction. After the "classical" period around the turn of the 13th century and a mid-century resurgence, the art of the troubadours declined in the 14th century and around the time of the Black Death (1348) and since died out. The texts of troubado ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Peter III Of Aragon
Peter III of Aragon (In Aragonese, ''Pero''; in Catalan, ''Pere''; in Italian, ''Pietro''; November 1285) was King of Aragon, King of Valencia (as ), and Count of Barcelona (as ) from 1276 to his death. At the invitation of some rebels, he conquered the Kingdom of Sicily and became King of Sicily (as ) in 1282, pressing the claim of his wife, Constance II of Sicily, uniting the kingdom to the crown. Youth and succession Peter was the eldest son of James I of Aragon and his second wife Violant of Hungary. On 13 June 1262, Peter married Constance II of Sicily, daughter and heiress of Manfred of Sicily. During his youth and early adulthood, Peter gained a great deal of military experience in his father's wars of the ''Reconquista'' against the Moors. In June 1275, Peter besieged, captured, and executed his rebellious half-brother Fernando Sánchez de Castro at Pomar de Cinca. On his father's death in 1276, the lands of the Crown of Aragon were divided amongst his two sons. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Guillem Fabre
Guillem () is a Catalan first name, equivalent to William in the English language, which occasionally can appear as a surname. Its origin and pronunciation are the same as its Occitan variant ''Guilhèm'', with a different spelling. People with the first name Guillem * Guillem I de Cerdanya ((1068–1095); anglicised William I of Cerdanya), Count of Cerdanya and Berga * Guillem Ademar (fl. 1190/1195–1217), troubadour * Guillem Agel i Barrière (1753-1832), publisher and printer from Roussillon *Guillem Agulló i Salvador (1975–1993), murdered Valencian member of Maulets * Guillem Augier Novella, 13th century French troubadour *Guillem Balagué, sports journalist *Guillem Bauzà (1984-), Majorcan football player * Guillem Bofill, Catalan architect of the Girona Cathedral * Guillem Colom Ferrà (1890–1979), Majorcan translator and poet *Guillem d'Areny-Plandolit (1822–1876), Andorran politician who led the New Reform * Guillem de Balaun (fl. bef. 1223), Castellan of Balazuc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Courtly Love
Courtly love ( ; ) was a medieval European literary conception of love that emphasized nobility and chivalry. Medieval literature is filled with examples of knights setting out on adventures and performing various deeds or services for ladies because of their "courtly love". This kind of love was originally a literary fiction created for the entertainment of the nobility, but as time passed, these ideas about love spread to popular culture and attracted a larger literate audience. In the High Middle Ages, a "game of love" developed around these ideas as a set of social practices. "Loving nobly" was considered to be an enriching and improving practice. Courtly love began in the ducal and princely courts of Aquitaine, Provence, Champagne, ducal Burgundy and the Norman Kingdom of Sicily at the end of the eleventh century. In essence, courtly love was an experience between erotic desire and spiritual attainment, "a love at once illicit and morally elevating, passionate and disc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rigaut De Berbezilh
Rigaut de Berbezilh (also Berbezill or Barbesiu; , ) was a troubadour (floruit, fl. 1140–1163Aubrey, 8.Gaunt and Kay, 290.) of the petty nobility of County of Saintonge, Saintonge. He was a great influence on the Sicilian School and is quoted in the ''Roman de la Rose''. About fifteen of his poems survive, including one ''planh'' and nine or ten ''Canso (song), cansos''. His name is sometimes given as Richart or Richartz. Life While the dates of his life are disputed, some maintaining a later career (c. 1170–1215), the general consensus is that he was an early troubadour. ''Vida'' According to his ''Vida (Occitan literary form), vida'', the reliability of which is highly doubtful, he was a poor knight from the Château de Barbezieux, castle of Barbezieux near Cognac, France, Cognac in the diocese of Saintes.Egan, 99. He was described as capable and handsome, but ''saup mielhs trobar qu'entendre ni que dire'': "he knew better how to compose poetry than to listen to it ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Virgin Mary
Mary was a first-century Jewish woman of Nazareth, the wife of Saint Joseph, Joseph and the mother of Jesus. She is an important figure of Christianity, venerated under titles of Mary, mother of Jesus, various titles such as Perpetual virginity of Mary, virgin or Queen of Heaven, queen, many of them mentioned in the Litany of Loreto. The Eastern Orthodox Church, Eastern and Oriental Orthodox, Catholic, Anglican, Methodist, Reformed Christianity, Reformed, Baptist, and Lutheran churches believe that Mary, as mother of Jesus, is the Theotokos, Mother of God. The Church of the East historically regarded her as Christotokos, a term still used in Assyrian Church of the East liturgy. Other Protestant views on Mary vary, with some holding her to have lesser status. She has the Mary in Islam, highest position in Islam among all women and is mentioned numerous times in the Quran, including in a chapter Maryam (surah), named after her.Jestice, Phyllis G. ''Holy people of the world: a cros ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Canso (song)
The ''canso'' or ''canson'' or ''canzo'' () was a song style used by the troubadours. It was, by far, the most common genre used, especially by early troubadours, and only in the second half of the 13th century was its dominance challenged by a growing number of poets writing ''coblas esparsas''. The ''canso'' became, in Old French, the ''grand chant'' and, in Italian, the ''canzone''. Structure A ''canso'' usually consists of three parts. The first stanza is the ''exordium'', where the composer explains his purpose. The main body of the song occurs in the following stanzas, and usually draw out a variety of relationships with the ''exordium''; formally, aside from the ''envoi''(''s''), which are not always present, a ''canso'' is made of stanzas all having the same sequence of verses, in the sense that each verse has the same number of metrical syllables. This makes it possible to use the same melody for every stanza. The sequence can be extremely simple, as in ''Can vei la l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Roger Bernard III Of Foix
Roger-Bernard III (1243 – 3 March 1302) was the Count of Foix from 1265 to his death. He was the son of Roger IV of Foix and Brunissende of Cardona. He entered into conflicts with both Philip III of France and Peter III of Aragon, who held him in captivity for a time. He was nevertheless a distinguished poet and troubadour. Conflict with Philip III His conflict with Philip III was rooted in the longstanding desire of the French monarchy to establish its authority in Languedoc, where, since the 10th century, it had been practically a dead letter. In 1272, Roger-Bernard allied with Gerald VI, Count of Armagnac to attack the lord of Sompuy, who, however, applied for protection to the king. This brought the king and the count into direct opposition. Ignoring the royal command, the two counts went to war. Philip, claiming rights as the heir of his uncle Alfonso of Poitou, invaded Languedoc at the head of a large army. Roger-Bernard fled to his castle at Foix and the Seneschal o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Peire Salvatge
Pere Salvatge or Peire/Peyre Salvagge was a Catalan troubadour of the late thirteenth century (fl. 1280–1287). He is most notable as a constant attendant at the court of Peter III and Alfonso III of Aragon. He may be the same person as the Peironet who composed poems with Peter III. Salvatge wrote the third piece in a five-piece cycle of ''sirventes'' written in Summer 1285. Early in the summer Bernart d'Auriac inaugurated the political debate by coming to the defence of the "three kings" Philip III of France, Philip of Navarre, and Charles of Valois, who claimed the Crown of Aragon. Under the direction of the French king they invaded Catalonia in the so-called "Aragonese Crusade". After Peter III of Aragon responded to Bernart, Pere responded to Peter in the short piece ''Senher, reys qu'enamoratz par''. Pere appears to have gotten his nickname from his occupation as a ''caballero salvaje'' or ''cavaller salvatge'' in the king's house. As such, he acted as messenger and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cobla (Occitan Literary Term)
A ''cobla esparsa'' ( literally meaning "scattered stanza") in Old Occitan is the name used for a single-stanza poem in troubadour poetry. They constitute about 15% of the troubadour output, and they are the dominant form among late (after 1220) authors like Bertran Carbonel and Guillem de l'Olivier.Simon Gaunt and Sarah Kay, edd. (1999), ''The Troubadours: An Introduction'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ). The term ''cobla triada'' is used by modern scholars to indicate a ''cobla'' taken from a longer poem and let stand on its own, but its original medieval meaning was a ''cobla esparsa'' taken from a larger collection of such poems, since ''coblas esparsas'' were usually presented in large groupings. Sometimes, two authors would write a cobla esparsa each, in a ''cobla'' exchange; this corresponds, in a shorter form, to the earlier '' tenso'' or '' partimen''.Martín de Riquer (1964), Història de la Literatura Catalana, vol. 1 (Barcelona: Ariel), 509ff. Whether such ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Philip III Of France
Philip III (1 May 1245 – 5 October 1285), called the Bold (), was King of France from 1270 until his death in 1285. His father, Louis IX, died in Tunis during the Eighth Crusade. Philip, who was accompanying him, returned to France and was anointed king at Reims in 1271. Philip inherited numerous territorial lands during his reign, the most notable being the County of Toulouse, which was annexed to the royal domain in 1271. With the Treaty of Orléans, he expanded French influence into the Kingdom of Navarre and following the death of his brother Peter during the Sicilian Vespers, the County of Alençon was returned to the crown lands. Following the Sicilian Vespers, Philip led the Aragonese Crusade in support of his uncle. Initially successful, Philip, his army racked with sickness, was forced to retreat and died from dysentery in Perpignan in 1285 at the age of 40. He was succeeded by his son Philip IV. Early life Philip was born in Poissy on 1 May 1245, the s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Literary Cycle
A literary cycle is a group of stories focused on common figures, often (though not necessarily) based on mythical figures or loosely on historical ones. Cycles which deal with an entire country are sometimes referred to as matters. A fictional cycle is often referred to as a mythos. Examples from folk and classical literature Western Europe The three great western cycles: * The Matter of Britain (or the "Arthurian cycle"), which centers on King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table ** Historia Regum Britanniae ** The Vulgate cycle (also known as the Lancelot-Grail) ** The Post-Vulgate cycle * The Matter of France (or the "Carolingian cycle"), which centers on Charlemagne and the Twelve Peers ** Chanson de Geste *** La Geste de Garin de Monglane *** Doon de Mayence *** Garin le Loherain *** Crusade cycle **** Knight of the Swan *The Matter of Rome (or the "cycle of Rome"), which centers on Julius Caesar and Alexander the Great ** Alexander Romance *** '' Ro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
