|
Banu Quda'a
The Quda'a () were a confederation of Arab tribes, including the powerful Banu Kalb, Kalb and Tanukh, mainly concentrated throughout Syria (region), Syria and northwestern Arabia, from at least the 4th century CE, during Byzantine Empire, Byzantine rule, through the 12th century, during the early Islamic era. Under the first caliphs of the Bilad al-Sham, Syria-based Umayyad Caliphate (661–750), the Quda'a occupied a privileged position in the administration and military. During the Second Muslim Civil War (683–692) they allied with South Arabian and other tribes in Syria as the Yaman (tribal group), Yaman faction in opposition to their rivals, the Qays confederation, in what became a Qays–Yaman rivalry, rivalry for power and influence which continued well after the Umayyad era. In forging this alliance, the Quda'a's leaders genealogically realigned their descent to the South Arabian Himyar, discarding their north Arabian ancestor, Ma'add, a move which elicited centuries-long ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ma'add
Maʿadd ibn ʿAdnān (Arabic: مَعَدّ ٱبْن عَدْنَان) was a mythic Arabs, Arab ancestor, traditionally regarded as the son of Adnan and the forefather of several northern Arab tribes, including Mudar and Adnanites, Rabi'ah. He is considered a key figure in Adnanite genealogy, linking the northern Arabs to Ismael in Islam, Ishmael ibn Abraham in Islam, Ibrahim (Ishmael, son of Abraham) through Adnan. While Maʿadd eventually became an individual ancestor in Islamic genealogies, the term is first known from pre-Islamic Arabia, pre-Islamic inscriptions where it refers to a group of nomadic and semi-nomadic groups occupying central Arabia, beyond the territorial domain of the major powers of its day: north of the direct territorial control of the Himyar, Himyarite Kingdom, and south of that of the Lakhmid kingdom, Lakhmids. Ma'addites retained independence and protected their northern and southern frontiers because they lived in remote areas and had militarized societ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Syrian Desert
The Syrian Desert ( ''Bādiyat Ash-Shām''), also known as the North Arabian Desert, the Jordanian steppe, or the Badiya, is a region of desert, semi-desert, and steppe, covering about of West Asia, including parts of northern Saudi Arabia, eastern Jordan, southern Syria, and western Iraq. It accounts for about 85% of the land area of Jordan and 55% of Syria. To the south, it borders and merges into the Arabian Desert. The land is open, rocky or gravelly desert pavement, cut with occasional wadis, or river valleys, generally dry riverbeds. Location and name The desert is bounded by the Orontes Valley and the volcanic field of Harrat al-Shamah to the west, and by the Euphrates to the east. In the north, the desert gives way to the more fertile areas and to the south it runs into the deserts of the Arabian Peninsula. Several parts of the Syrian Desert have been referred to separately such as the ''Palmyrene desert'' around Palmyra, and the ''Homs desert''. The eastern sec ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Al-Zubayr Ibn Bakkar
Al-Zubayr ibn Bakkār (, (788-870 CE / 172–256 AH), a descendant of al-Zubayr ibn al-ʻAwwām, was a leading Arab Muslim historian and genealogist of the Arabs, particularly the Hijaz region. He composed a number of works on genealogy that made him a standing authority on the subject of the genealogies of the Quraysh tribe. Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani regarded him as the most reliable authority on Qurayshite genealogy. Biography He was born and raised in Medina and served as the qadi of Mecca in 242 AH ( CE). In one of his visits to Baghdad, Ibn Bakkar was invited by the Abbasid caliph al-Mutawakkil Ja'far ibn al-Mu'tasim, Muḥammad ibn Harun al-Rashid, Hārūn al-Mutawakkil ʿalā Allāh (); March 82211 December 861, commonly known by his laqab, regnal name al-Mutawwakil ala Allah (), was the tenth Abbasid Caliphate, Abbasid caliph, rul ... to become the tutor to his son. He died in Mecca after he fell from a roof. Works Works attributed to Ibn Bakkar:Majallat al-ʻA ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ibn Lahi'a
Abū Abd al-Raḥmān Abdallāh Ibn Lahīʿa ibn ʿUqba ibn Furʿān ibn Rabīʿa ibn Thawbān al-Ḥaḍramī al-Aʿdūlī () (96–174 AH) (714/5–790 CE) more commonly known as Ibn Lahi'a (), was an Arab historian, scholar of ''hadith'' and '' Qadi'' (; ) of Egypt. Famed for being the first judge of Egypt to be appointed directly by a caliph. Biography Nothing is known about Ibn Lahi'a's early years of his life, except that he was probably born in Egypt in the year 714/5 to a family of Yemeni origin. As a historian and a collector of hadith, Ibn Lahi'a gained fame around Egypt, which at the time was part of the Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258). Due to his great reputation of being a respected learned man among his contemporaries, the Abbasid caliph al-Mansur () personally appointed him to the position of ''Qadi'' of Egypt, which he occupied from 772 to 780. The caliph also issued him a payment of 30 ''dinars'' per month as a salary. He died in the year 790. According to the m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Qadi
A qadi (; ) is the magistrate or judge of a Sharia court, who also exercises extrajudicial functions such as mediation, guardianship over orphans and minors, and supervision and auditing of public works. History The term '' was in use from the time of Muhammad during the early history of Islam, and remained the term used for judges throughout Islamic history and the period of the caliphates. While the and played the role in elucidation of the principles of Islamic jurisprudence () and the Islamic law (), the qadi remained the key person ensuring the establishment of justice on the basis of these very laws and rules. Thus, the qadi was chosen from amongst those who had mastered the sciences of jurisprudence and law. The office of qadi continued to be a very important one in every principality of the caliphates and sultanates of the various Muslim empires over the centuries. The rulers appointed a qadi in every region, town, and village for judicial and administrative cont ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Isa Ibn Talha Al-Taymi
ʿĪsā ibn Ṭalḥa al-Taymī () was a notable of the Quraysh in Medina and is cited as a transmitter of historical reports by early Islamic historians. Family, life and work Isa was a son of Talha ibn Ubaydallah, a prominent companion of Muhammad from the Banu Taym clan of the Quraysh tribe. Isa's mother was Su'da bint Awf ibn Kharija ibn Sinan, a prominent chief of the Banu Murra tribe and noted peacemaker among the tribes of the Ghatafan in north central Arabia in the pre-Islamic period. Isa's family became part of the early Islamic nobility in Medina, which served as the seat of the Muslim state from the 620s until 656 and afterward retained prominence as a religious and cultural center of the Caliphate. Isa was part of a delegation of Medinese notables sent to the Umayyad caliph Mu'awiya I () in Damascus. A number of reports related to Mu'awiya in the early Islamic sources are attributed to Isa's encounter with the caliph. Nothing is heard of Isa again until the reign ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Juhayna
The Juhaynah ( ; ) are a nomad tribe of the Arabian Peninsula and the largest clan of Banu Quda'a. They are one of the most powerful Arabian tribes that rule important parts of the Arabian Peninsula. The clan remains prevalent in the Arabian Peninsula, Saudi Arabia mostly in the region of Madinah and the cities of Yanbu, Umluj, Alshabaha, Tabuk, and Jeddah. They are also present in Jordan, among other regions, and Egypt. Additionally, in Sudan they are present in large numbers in the eastern region due to the migrations of Juhani tribes into Sudan during the 11th century, as attested by Ibn Khaldun. These include the Rufaa people, the Shukria clan, and the Kababish tribe. Moreover, the Baggara Arabs and Abbala in Darfur and Chad also claim a Juhani background, though there is some evidence that the Baggara Arabs and Abbala are from Banu Judham and not Juhaynah. Culture and spirituality The Juhaynah were the first Arab tribe to entirely convert to Islam. They are known t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Companion Of Muhammad
The Companions of the Prophet () were the Muslim disciples and followers of the Islamic prophet Muhammad who saw or met him during his lifetime. The companions played a major role in Muslim battles, society, hadith narration, and governance during and after the life of Muhammad. The era of the companions began following the death of Muhammad in 632 CE, and ended in 110 AH (728 CE) when the last companion Abu al-Tufayl died. Later Islamic scholars accepted their testimony of the words and deeds of Muhammad, the occasions on which the Quran was revealed and other important matters in Islamic history and practice. The testimony of the companions, as it was passed down through trusted chains of narrators ('' asānīd''), was the basis of the developing Islamic tradition. From the traditions (''hadith'') of the life of Muhammad and his companions are drawn the Muslim way of life (''sunnah''), the code of conduct (''sharia'') it requires, and Islamic jurisprudence (''fiqh''). T ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yazid I
Yazid ibn Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan (; 11 November 683), commonly known as Yazid I, was the second caliph of the Umayyad Caliphate, ruling from April 680 until his death in November 683. His appointment by his father Mu'awiya I () was the first hereditary succession to the caliphate in Islamic history. His caliphate was marked by the death of Muhammad's grandson Husayn ibn Ali and the start of the crisis known as the Second Fitna. During his father's caliphate, Yazid led several campaigns against the Byzantine Empire, including an attack on the Byzantine capital, Constantinople. Yazid's nomination as heir apparent in (56 AH) by Mu'awiya was opposed by several Muslim grandees from the Hejaz region, including Husayn and Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr. The two men refused to recognize Yazid following his accession and took sanctuary in Mecca. When Husayn left for Kufa in Iraq to lead a revolt against Yazid, he was killed with his small band of supporters by Yazid's forces in the Batt ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bahdal Ibn Unayf
Bahdal ibn Unayf al-Kalbi (; died ) was the preeminent chief of the Banu Kalb tribe during early Muslim rule in Syria until his death in the mid-650s. A Christian like most of his tribesmen at the time, Bahdal secured a prominent role for his family and the Banu Kalb by marrying off his daughter Maysun to the future caliph Mu'awiya I (), while the latter was governor of Syria between 639 and 661. Maysun became mother to Mu'awiya's son and successor, Yazid I (). Though Bahdal died before 657, his forging of ties with the Umayyads secured his descendants and tribesmen the most prominent positions in the Umayyad court and military, so much so that partisans of the Umayyads became known as . Bahdal's grandchildren led the Yaman faction in the wars with Qays, a rival tribal confederation. Life Bahdal belonged to the Banu Kalb's princely household, the Banu Haritha ibn Janab, and served as the tribe's preeminent chieftain. Bahdal's full name and genealogy was as follows Bahdal ibn ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Maysun Bint Bahdal
Maysun bint Bahdal () was a wife of caliph Mu'awiya I (), and as mother of his successor and son Yazid I (). She belonged to a ruling clan of the Banu Kalb, a tribe which dominated the Syrian steppe. Mu'awiya's marriage to her sealed his alliance with the tribe. Maysun also enjoys a reputation as one of the earliest attested Arabic-language women poets. However, that reputation seems to belong to another woman of a similar name, Maysūn bint Jandal. Life Maysun belonged to the Bedouin tribe of Kalb. She was the daughter of the Kalbite chieftain Bahdal ibn Unayf. The Kalb dominated the Syrian steppe and led the wider Quda'a tribal confederation. Old confederates of the Byzantine Empire, they took a neutral position during the Muslim conquest of Byzantine Syria. The tribe established links with the Umayyad family, first through Caliph Uthman (), who married a woman of the Kalb. Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan, who governed Syria under Uthman, furthered these ties. By marrying Ma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mu'awiya
Mu'awiya I (–April 680) was the founder and first caliph of the Umayyad Caliphate, ruling from 661 until his death. He became caliph less than thirty years after the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and immediately after the four Rashidun Caliphate, Rashidun ('rightly-guided') caliphs. Unlike his predecessors, who had been close, early companions of Muhammad, Mu'awiya was a relatively late follower of Muhammad. Mu'awiya and his father Abu Sufyan had opposed Muhammad, their distant Qurayshite kinsman and later Mu'awiya's brother-in-law, until Muhammad conquest of Mecca, captured Mecca in 630. Afterward, Mu'awiya became one of Muhammad's katib, scribes. He was appointed by Caliph Abu Bakr () as a deputy commander in the Muslim conquest of the Levant, conquest of Syria. He moved up the ranks through Umar's caliphate () until becoming governor of Bilad al-Sham, Syria during the reign of his Umayyad dynasty#Empowerment by Caliph Uthman, Umayyad kinsman, Caliph Uthman (). He a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
