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Bangdiwala's B
Bangdiwala's B statistic was created by Shrikant Bangdiwala in 1985 and is a measure of inter-rater agreement.Bangwidala S (1985) A graphical test for observer agreement. Proc 45th Int Stats Institute Meeting, Amsterdam, 1, 307–308Bangdiwala K (1987) Using SAS software graphical procedures for the observer agreement chart. Proc SAS User's Group International Conference, 12, 1083-1088 While not as commonly used as the kappa statistic the B test has been used by various workers.Grill E, Mansmann U, Cieza A, Stucki G (2007) Assessing observer agreement when describing and classifying functioning with the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health. J Rehabil Med 39(1):71-76Ossa XM, Munoz S, Amigo H, Bangdiwala SI (2010) Secular trend in age at menarche in indigenous and nonindigenous women in Chile. Am J Hum Biol 22(5):688-694Jenkins V, Solis-Trapala I, Langridge C, Catt S, Talbot DC, Fallowfield LJ (2011) What oncologists believe they said and what patients bel ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shrikant Bangdiwala
Shrikant is a male Indian given name. People with the name *Shrikant Bhasi (born 1968), Indian businessman *Shrikant Jadhav (born 1960), Indian cricketer *Shrikant Jichkar (1954–2004), Indian politician *Shrikant Joshi (born 1958), Indian businessman *Shrikant Kalyani (born 1964), Indian cricketer *Shrikant Lele (born 1943), Indian engineer *Shrikant Mundhe (born 1988), Indian cricketer *Shrikant Narayan (born 1968), Indian singer *Shrikant Shah (born 1936), Indian poet and novelist * Shrikant Sharma, Indian politician *Shrikant Shinde (born 1987), Indian politician *Shrikant Verma (1931–1986), Indian poet and politician *Shrikant Wagh (born 1988), Indian cricketer * Shrikant Yadav, Indian cricketer *Shrikant Thokchom Shrikant is a male Indian given name. People with the name *Shrikant Bhasi (born 1968), Indian businessman *Shrikant Jadhav (born 1960), Indian cricketer *Shrikant Jichkar (1954–2004), Indian politician *Shrikant Joshi (born 1958), Indian busin ... (born 2002 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Inter-rater Agreement
In statistics, inter-rater reliability (also called by various similar names, such as inter-rater agreement, inter-rater concordance, inter-observer reliability, inter-coder reliability, and so on) is the degree of agreement among independent observers who rate, code, or assess the same phenomenon. Assessment tools that rely on ratings must exhibit good inter-rater reliability, otherwise they are not valid tests. There are a number of statistics that can be used to determine inter-rater reliability. Different statistics are appropriate for different types of measurement. Some options are joint-probability of agreement, such as Cohen's kappa, Scott's pi and Fleiss' kappa; or inter-rater correlation, concordance correlation coefficient, intra-class correlation, and Krippendorff's alpha. Concept There are several operational definitions of "inter-rater reliability," reflecting different viewpoints about what is a reliable agreement between raters. There are three operational defi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kappa Statistic
Cohen's kappa coefficient (''κ'', lowercase Greek kappa) is a statistic that is used to measure inter-rater reliability (and also intra-rater reliability) for qualitative (categorical) items. It is generally thought to be a more robust measure than simple percent agreement calculation, as ''κ'' takes into account the possibility of the agreement occurring by chance. There is controversy surrounding Cohen's kappa due to the difficulty in interpreting indices of agreement. Some researchers have suggested that it is conceptually simpler to evaluate disagreement between items. History The first mention of a kappa-like statistic is attributed to Galton in 1892. The seminal paper introducing kappa as a new technique was published by Jacob Cohen in the journal ''Educational and Psychological Measurement'' in 1960. Definition Cohen's kappa measures the agreement between two raters who each classify ''N'' items into ''C'' mutually exclusive categories. The definition of \kappa is :\ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Asymptotic Distribution
In mathematics and statistics, an asymptotic distribution is a probability distribution that is in a sense the "limiting" distribution of a sequence of distributions. One of the main uses of the idea of an asymptotic distribution is in providing approximations to the cumulative distribution functions of statistical estimators. Definition A sequence of distributions corresponds to a sequence of random variables ''Zi'' for ''i'' = 1, 2, ..., I . In the simplest case, an asymptotic distribution exists if the probability distribution of ''Zi'' converges to a probability distribution (the asymptotic distribution) as ''i'' increases: see convergence in distribution. A special case of an asymptotic distribution is when the sequence of random variables is always zero or ''Zi'' = 0 as ''i'' approaches infinity. Here the asymptotic distribution is a degenerate distribution, corresponding to the value zero. However, the most usual sense in which the term asymptotic distribution is used ar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Contingency Table
In statistics, a contingency table (also known as a cross tabulation or crosstab) is a type of table in a matrix format that displays the (multivariate) frequency distribution of the variables. They are heavily used in survey research, business intelligence, engineering, and scientific research. They provide a basic picture of the interrelation between two variables and can help find interactions between them. The term ''contingency table'' was first used by Karl Pearson in "On the Theory of Contingency and Its Relation to Association and Normal Correlation", part of the ''Drapers' Company Research Memoirs Biometric Series I'' published in 1904. A crucial problem of multivariate statistics is finding the (direct-)dependence structure underlying the variables contained in high-dimensional contingency tables. If some of the conditional independences are revealed, then even the storage of the data can be done in a smarter way (see Lauritzen (2002)). In order to do this one can ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Normal Distribution
In statistics, a normal distribution or Gaussian distribution is a type of continuous probability distribution for a real-valued random variable. The general form of its probability density function is : f(x) = \frac e^ The parameter \mu is the mean or expectation of the distribution (and also its median and mode), while the parameter \sigma is its standard deviation. The variance of the distribution is \sigma^2. A random variable with a Gaussian distribution is said to be normally distributed, and is called a normal deviate. Normal distributions are important in statistics and are often used in the natural and social sciences to represent real-valued random variables whose distributions are not known. Their importance is partly due to the central limit theorem. It states that, under some conditions, the average of many samples (observations) of a random variable with finite mean and variance is itself a random variable—whose distribution converges to a normal dist ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Maura Stokes
Maura Ellen Stokes is an American statistician and novelist. She is a senior director of research and development for the SAS Institute, the co-author of the statistics book ''Categorical Data Analysis using SAS'', and a Fellow of the American Statistical Association. She is also the author of the early-teen novel ''Fadeaway'', published by Simon & Schuster in 2018. Education and statistical career Stokes earned a bachelor's degree, master's degree, and Ph.D. in biostatistics from the University of North Carolina in 1978, 1979, and 1986 respectively. She also has an MFA in writing from the Vermont College of Fine Arts. After working for the Center for Survey Statistics in North Carolina from 1982 to 1985, she has been affiliated with the SAS Institute since 1986, and has held an adjunct faculty position at the University of North Carolina since 1987. Books Stokes is the author of: *''Categorical Data Analysis Using the SAS system'' (with Charles S. Davis and Gary G. Koch, 1995; ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cohen's Kappa
Cohen's kappa coefficient (''κ'', lowercase Greek kappa) is a statistic that is used to measure inter-rater reliability (and also intra-rater reliability) for qualitative (categorical) items. It is generally thought to be a more robust measure than simple percent agreement calculation, as ''κ'' takes into account the possibility of the agreement occurring by chance. There is controversy surrounding Cohen's kappa due to the difficulty in interpreting indices of agreement. Some researchers have suggested that it is conceptually simpler to evaluate disagreement between items. History The first mention of a kappa-like statistic is attributed to Galton in 1892. The seminal paper introducing kappa as a new technique was published by Jacob Cohen (statistician), Jacob Cohen in the journal ''Educational and Psychological Measurement'' in 1960. Definition Cohen's kappa measures the agreement between two raters who each classify ''N'' items into ''C'' mutually exclusive categories. The d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fleiss' Kappa
Fleiss' kappa (named after Joseph L. Fleiss) is a statistical measure for assessing the reliability of agreement between a fixed number of raters when assigning categorical ratings to a number of items or classifying items. This contrasts with other kappas such as Cohen's kappa, which only work when assessing the agreement between not more than two raters or the intra-rater reliability (for one appraiser versus themself). The measure calculates the degree of agreement in classification over that which would be expected by chance. Fleiss' kappa can be used with binary or nominal-scale. It can also be applied to Ordinal data (ranked data): the MiniTab online documentation gives an example. However, this document notes: "When you have ordinal ratings, such as defect severity ratings on a scale of 1–5, Kendall's coefficients, which account for ordering, are usually more appropriate statistics to determine association than kappa alone." Keep in mind however, that Kendall rank coe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Comparison Of Assessments
Comparison or comparing is the act of evaluating two or more things by determining the relevant, comparable characteristics of each thing, and then determining which characteristics of each are similar to the other, which are different, and to what degree. Where characteristics are different, the differences may then be evaluated to determine which thing is best suited for a particular purpose. The description of similarities and differences found between the two things is also called a comparison. Comparison can take many distinct forms, varying by field: To compare things, they must have characteristics that are similar enough in relevant ways to merit comparison. If two things are too different to compare in a useful way, an attempt to compare them is colloquially referred to in English as "comparing apples and oranges." Comparison is widely used in society, in science and in the arts. General usage Comparison is a natural activity, which even animals engage in when deci ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
