|
Autograph Of Nicolaus Copernicus' De Revolutionibus
The autograph of Nicolaus Copernicus' ''De revolutionibus'' is a manuscript of six books of ''De revolutionibus orbium coelestium'' (1543) by Nicolaus Copernicus written between 1520 and 1541. Since 1956, it is kept in the Jagiellonian Library in Kraków (signature 10,000). The Autograph (manuscript), autograph was handwritten by Nicolaus Copernicus in Latin and Greek language, Greek, using humanistic cursive. The manuscript consists of 213 paper Leaf (books), leaves sized 28 × 19 centimeters, two endpapers, and four protective cards. The binding of the manuscript dates back to the early 17th century and is made of cardboard glued with waste paper and a parchment document from the 16th century. It is a unique object on a global scale, inscribed in 1999 on the UNESCO Memory of the World Programme, Memory of the World list. It is also the most valuable and famous autograph kept in the collections of the Jagiellonian Library of the Jagiellonian University, of which it has been the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Universe
The universe is all of space and time and their contents. It comprises all of existence, any fundamental interaction, physical process and physical constant, and therefore all forms of matter and energy, and the structures they form, from sub-atomic particles to entire Galaxy filament, galactic filaments. Since the early 20th century, the field of cosmology establishes that space and time emerged together at the Big Bang ago and that the Expansion of the universe, universe has been expanding since then. The observable universe, portion of the universe that can be seen by humans is approximately 93 billion light-years in diameter at present, but the total size of the universe is not known. Some of the earliest Timeline of cosmological theories, cosmological models of the universe were developed by ancient Greek philosophy, ancient Greek and Indian philosophy, Indian philosophers and were geocentric model, geocentric, placing Earth at the center. Over the centuries, more prec ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fleuron (typography)
A fleuron (), also known as printers' flower, is a typographic element, or glyph, used either as a punctuation mark or as an ornament for typographic compositions. Fleurons are stylized forms of flowers or leaves; the term derives from the ('flower'). Robert Bringhurst in ''The Elements of Typographic Style'' calls the forms "horticulture, horticultural dingbats". A commonly encountered fleuron is the , the ''floral heart'' or ' (ivy leaf), also known as an ''aldus leaf'' after Italian Renaissance printer Aldus Manutius. History Flower decorations are among the oldest typographic ornaments. A fleuron can also be used to fill the white space that results from the indentation (typesetting), indentation of the first line of a paragraph, on a line by itself to divide paragraphs in a highly stylized way, to divide lists, or for pure ornamentation. The fleuron (as a formal glyph) is a sixteenth century introduction. cited in Fleurons were crafted the same way as other typographic ele ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aleksander Birkenmajer
Aleksander Ludwik Birkenmajer (8 July 1890 – 30 September 1967) was a Polish historian of exact sciences and philosophy, bibliologist, professor of the Jagiellonian University in Kraków and of the Warsaw University. Biography He was the son of astronomer and historian of science Ludwik Antoni Birkenmajer. Aleksander was educated in Chernikhov and in the Jesuit high school in Chyrow. In 1908-1912 he studied classical philology, physics, mathematics and history at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków. In 1914 defended there his PhD thesis based on the monograph about Henri Bate de Malines as an astronomer and philosopher of the 13th century, and annotated to him, Critics of the King Alphons tables (Alfonsine tables). The dissertation was prepared under the supervision of Władysław Natanson. During the studies he also worked in the Jagiellonian Astronomical Observatory. Since 1919 he cooperated with the Jagiellonian Library, where in 1924 he became a curator of the Departmen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ludwik Birkenmajer
Ludwik Antoni Birkenmajer (18 May 1855 - 20 November 1929), Polish historian of science, physicist, astronomer, professor of the Jagiellonian University. Biography Descended from the German family settled in Galicia (Eastern Europe), Galicia (Southern Poland) during the time of the Napoleon wars, later a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy, Habsburg Empire. He was the son of Józef Herman and Petronela de domo Stefanowski. Educated in the Franz Joseph of Austria, Franz Joseph High School (so called Gymnasium (school), Gymnasium at that time) in Lviv, Lvov (1865–1873), than studied physics, chemistry and mathematics at the Kraków University till 1878. Supplementary studies in Vienna (1879–1880). In 1879 he defended his Ph. D. thesis in Kraków based on the study: ''On general methods of integration of the algebraic and transcendental functions'' (in Polish: ''O ogólnych metodach całkowania funkcyj algebraicznych i przestępnych''). Since 1878 for nearly two decades w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Watermark
A watermark is an identifying image or pattern in paper that appears as various shades of lightness/darkness when viewed by transmitted light (or when viewed by reflected light, atop a dark background), caused by thickness or density variations in the paper. Watermarks have been used on postage stamps, currency, and other government documents to discourage counterfeiting. There are two main ways of producing watermarks in paper; the ''dandy roll process'', and the more complex ''cylinder mould process''. Watermarks vary greatly in their visibility; while some are obvious on casual inspection, others require some study to pick out. Various aids have been developed, such as ''watermark fluid'' that wets the paper without damaging it. A watermark is very useful in the questioned document examination, examination of paper because it can be used for dating documents and artworks, identifying sizes, mill trademarks and locations, and determining the quality of a sheet of paper. The wor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
John Amos Comenius
John Amos Comenius (; ; ; ; Latinized: ''Ioannes Amos Comenius''; 28 March 1592 – 15 November 1670) was a Czech philosopher, pedagogue and theologian who is considered the father of modern education. He served as the last bishop of the Unity of the Brethren (direct predecessor of the Moravian Church) before becoming a religious refugee and one of the earliest champions of universal education, a concept eventually set forth in his book ''Didactica Magna''. As an educator and theologian, he led schools and advised governments across Protestant Europe through the middle of the seventeenth century. Comenius introduced a number of educational concepts and innovations including pictorial textbooks written in native languages instead of Latin, teaching based in gradual development from simple to more comprehensive concepts, lifelong learning with a focus on logical thinking over dull memorization, equal opportunity for impoverished children, education for women, and universal and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jakob Christmann
Jakob Christmann (November 1554 – 16 June 1613) was a German Orientalist who also studied problems of astronomy. Life Christmann was born in November 1554 in Johannisberg. Christmann, a Jew who converted before 1578 to Christianity, studied Orientalistics at the University of Heidelberg's Collegium Sapientiae and became teacher at the ''Dionysianum''. He followed humanist Thomas Erastus to Basel and continued his study tour in Breslau, Vienna and Prague. In 1578, Pfalzgraf John Casimir founded the Reformed Casmirianum at Neustadt an der Haardt. Christmann joined the Casimirianum faculty in 1582 and dedicated his Arabic language grammar, ''Alphabetum arabicum'', to his colleagues there. After the return of the Reformed faith to the Electorate of the Palatinate, Christmann returned to Heidelberg to serve on the faculty of the Collegium Sapientiae in 1584. After some internal debate about the location of the chair, Christmann was appointed professor of Hebrew at the u ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nostitz Family
The House of Nostitz () is an old and influential Silesian aristocratic family, whose members occupied many important positions within Holy Roman Empire and later in Austria, Bohemia, Germany and Russia. History The family was named after Nostitz in Saxony, with its history dating back to 1280 in Oberlausitz, today's Germany. They reigned over the Imperial County of Rieneck from 1673 when it was purchased by (1610–1683) until 1803 when they sold it to the Princes of Colloredo-Mansfeld. Apart from Nostitz-Rieneck several other branches of the family existed: ''Nostitz-Unwürde'', ''Nostitz-Jänkendorf'', ''Nostitz-Wallwitz'', ''Nostitz-Drzewiecky'', ''Nostitz-Rokitnitz'' and ''Nostitz-Ransen'' which lived and spread through Prussia, Austria, Bohemia, Poland, Lithuania and Russia. Notable members * (1725–1794), Bohemian nobleman and patron * Friedrich Moritz, Graf von Nostitz-Rieneck (1728–1796), a field marshal in imperial service to the House of Habsburg * Joh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ex Libris (bookplate)
An , also known as a bookplate (or book-plate, as it was commonly styled until the early 20th century), is a printed or decorative label pasted into a book, often on the front endpaper, to indicate ownership. Simple typographical bookplates are termed "book labels". Bookplates often bear a motif relating to the book's owner, such as a coat-of-arms, crest, badge, motto, or a design commissioned from an artist or designer. The name of the owner usually follows an inscription such as "from the books of..." or "from the library of...", or in Latin, "". Bookplates are important evidence for the provenance of books. The most traditional technique used to make bookplates is burin engraving. The engraved copper matrix is then printed with an intaglio press on paper, and the resulting print can be pasted into the book to indicate ownership. In the United States, bookplates replaced book rhymes (which replaced book curses) after the 19th century. History Early examples The ea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Exlibris Biblioteki Nostitzów
Ex Libris Group is an Israeli software company that develops integrated library systems and other library software. Their headquarters is in the Malha Technology Park in southwestern Jerusalem. It has ten other offices around the world. In October 2015, Ex Libris was acquired by ProQuest which in turn was acquired by Clarivate in December 2021. History Ex Libris started as an internal project at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in 1980 to develop a new library management system, as no system at the time was able to handle both Hebrew and Latin character sets as required by the university. The software was called Automated Library Expandable Program or ALEPH-100 ("Aleph" is also the name of the first letter of many Semitic alphabets). In 1983, Yissum (the technology transfer company of the Hebrew University) founded Aleph-Yissum Ltd., a new company to commercialize the software. Yohanan Spruch, the original developer of ALEPH, became the company's chief technology officer. Betw ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
