|
Assize Of Bread And Ale
The Assize of Bread and Ale () (''temp. incert'') was a 13th-century law in High Middle Ages, high medieval England, which regulated the price, weight and quality of the bread and beer manufactured and sold in towns, villages and hamlets. It was the first law in British history to regulate the production and sale of food. At the local level, this resulted in regulatory licensing systems, with arbitrary recurring fees, and fines and punishments for lawbreakers (see amercement). In rural areas, the statute was enforced by Lord of the Manor, manorial lords, who held tri-weekly court sessions. The law was amended by the Bread Acts of 1822 and 1836, which stipulated that loaves should be sold by the pound, or multiple thereof, and finally repealed by the Statute Law Revision Act 1863 (26 & 27 Vict. c. 125). Background Bread regulation was the most significant and long-lasting commercial law in medieval England. The first bread assize law dates back to the 13th century, but its origins ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Temp
Temp or Temps may refer to: * Temperature ** Weather, by association * Temporary file, in computing ** Temporary folder ** Temporary variable * Temp track, or temp score or temp music, audio used during editing of TV and film production * Temp, a temporary worker, a person engaged in temporary work * ''Temp.'', for '' tempore'', denoting a period during which a person whose exact lifespan is unknown * Temp (air base), on Kotelny Island, Russia * TEMP (meteorology), a meteorological code for upper air soundings * Test and evaluation master plan, in project management * Persol Holdings, rebranded from Temp Holdings, a Japanese human resource management company * RT-21 Temp 2S, a Soviet intercontinental ballistic missile * TR-1 Temp, a Soviet mobile theatre ballistic missile * Temps, a musical collective founded by comedian James Acaster See also * The Temp (other) * Template (other) * Tempe, Arizona, a city in the U.S. * Tempo, the speed or pace o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
English Penny
The English penny (plural "pence"), originally a coin of pure silver, was introduced by King Offa of Mercia. These coins were similar in size and weight to the continental '' deniers'' of the period and to the Anglo-Saxon sceats which had preceded it. Throughout the period of the Kingdom of England, from its beginnings in the 9th century, the penny was produced in silver. Pennies of the same nominal value, of a pound sterling, were in circulation continuously until the creation of the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707. Etymology The name "penny" comes from the Old English ''pennige'' (), sharing the same root as the German ''Pfennig''. Its abbreviation d. comes from the Roman ''denarius'' and was used until decimalisation in 1971. Idioms Due to their ubiquity pennies have accumulated a great number of idioms to their name usually recognizing them for their commonality and minuscule value. These might include: *cut (one) off without a penny *mean enough to steal a penny of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arbitrage
Arbitrage (, ) is the practice of taking advantage of a difference in prices in two or more marketsstriking a combination of matching deals to capitalize on the difference, the profit being the difference between the market prices at which the unit is traded. Arbitrage has the effect of causing prices of the same or very similar assets in different markets to converge. When used by academics in economics, an arbitrage is a transaction that involves no negative cash flow at any probabilistic or temporal state and a positive cash flow in at least one state; in simple terms, it is the possibility of a risk-free profit after transaction costs. For example, an arbitrage opportunity is present when there is the possibility to instantaneously buy something for a low price and sell it for a higher price. In principle and in academic use, an arbitrage is risk-free; in common use, as in statistical arbitrage, it may refer to ''expected'' profit, though losses may occur, and in practic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Avoirdupois
Avoirdupois (; abbreviated avdp.) is a measurement system of weights that uses pounds and ounces as units. It was first commonly used in the 13th century AD and was updated in 1959. In 1959, by international agreement, the definitions of the pound and ounce became standardized in countries which use the pound as a unit of mass. The '' International Avoirdupois Pound'' was then created. It is the everyday system of weights used in the United States. It is still used, in varying degrees, in everyday life in the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and some other former British colonies, despite their official adoption of the metric system. The avoirdupois weight system's general attributes were originally developed for the international wool trade in the Late Middle Ages, when trade was in recovery. It was historically based on a physical standardized pound or "prototype weight" that could be divided into 16 ounces. There were a number of competing measures of mass, and the f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pence
A penny is a coin (: pennies) or a unit of currency (: pence) in various countries. Borrowed from the Carolingian denarius (hence its former abbreviation d.), it is usually the smallest denomination within a currency system. At present, it is the formal name of the British penny ( p) and the '' de facto'' name of the American one-cent coin (abbr. ¢). ''Penny'' is also the informal name of the cent unit of account in Canada, although the production of one-cent coins was ended in 2012. The name ''penny'' is also used in reference to various historical currencies, also derived from the Carolingian system, such as the French denier and the German pfennig. It may also be informally used to refer to any similar smallest-denomination coin, such as the euro cent or Chinese fen. The Carolingian penny was originally a 0.940-fine silver coin, weighing pound. It was adopted by Offa of Mercia and other English kings and remained the principal currency in Europe over ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Quarter (unit)
The quarter ( "one-fourth") was used as the name of several distinct English units based on ¼ sizes of some base unit. The "quarter of London" mentioned by ''Magna Carta'' as the national standard measure for wine, ale, and grain was ¼ ton or tun. It continued to be used, e.g. to regulate the prices of bread. This quarter was a unit of 8 bushels of 8 gallons each, understood at the time as a measure of both weight and volume: the grain gallon or half- peck was composed of 76,800 (Tower) grains weight; the ale gallon was composed of the ale filling an equivalent container; and the wine gallon was composed of the wine weighing an equivalent amount to a full gallon of grain. Length In measures of length, the quarter (qr.) was ¼ of a yard, formerly an important measure in the cloth trade. 3 qr. was a Flemish ell, 4 quarters were a yard, 5 qr. was an (English) ell, and 6 qr. was an aune or French ell. Each quarter was made up of 4 nails. Its metric equivalen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
London Bushel
A bushel (abbreviation: bsh. or bu.) is an imperial and US customary unit of volume, based upon an earlier measure of dry capacity. The old bushel was used mostly for agricultural products, such as wheat: in modern usage, the volume is nominal, with bushels denoting a mass defined differently for each commodity. The name "bushel" is also used to translate similar units in other measurement systems. Name The word "bushel" as originally used for a container itself, and later a unit of measurement. The name comes from the Old French ' and ', meaning "little box".. It may further derive from Old French ', thus meaning "little butt". History The bushel is an intermediate value between the pound (mass)">pound and ton or tun (unit), tun that was introduced to England following the Norman Conquest of England, Norman Conquest. Norman England, Norman Weights and Measures Acts (UK), statutes made the London bushel part of the legal measure of English wine, ale, and grain ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wine Gallon
A wine gallon is a unit of capacity that was used routinely in England as far back as the 14th century, and by statute under Queen Anne since 1706. While Britain abolished the wine gallon in 1826 when it adopted imperial units for measurement, the 1706 wine gallon is the basis of the United States' gallon, as well as other measures, with the US legally adopting the wine gallon in 1836. The Imperial gallon was defined with yet another set of temperature and pressure values ( and ). To convert a number of wine gallons to the equivalent number of Imperial gallons, multiply by 1.20095, but to convert a number of Imperial gallons to the equivalent number of wine gallons, multiply by 0.832674. Some research concludes that the wine gallon was originally meant to hold eight troy pounds of wine. The 1706 Queen Anne statute defines the wine gallon as exactly – e.g. a cylinder in diameter and highπ is often approximated as . – and was used to measure the volume of wine and other c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tower Pound
The pound or pound-mass is a unit of mass used in both the British imperial and United States customary systems of measurement. Various definitions have been used; the most common today is the international avoirdupois pound, which is legally defined as exactly , and which is divided into 16 avoirdupois ounces. The international standard symbol for the avoirdupois pound is lb; an alternative symbol (when there might otherwise be a risk of confusion with the pound-force) is lbm (for most pound definitions), # ( chiefly in the U.S.), and or ̶ (specifically for the apothecaries' pound). The unit is descended from the Roman (hence the symbol ''lb'', descended from the scribal abbreviation, '). The English word ''pound'' comes from the Roman ('the weight measured in '), and is cognate with, among others, German , Dutch , and Swedish . These units are now designated as historical and are no longer in common usage, being replaced by the metric system. Usage of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ounce
The ounce () is any of several different units of mass, weight, or volume and is derived almost unchanged from the , an Ancient Roman unit of measurement. The avoirdupois ounce (exactly ) is avoirdupois pound; this is the United States customary and British imperial ounce. It is primarily used in the United States. Although the avoirdupois ounce is the mass measure used for most purposes, the ' troy ounce' of exactly is used instead for the mass of precious metals such as gold, silver, platinum, palladium, rhodium, etc. The term 'ounce' is also used in other contexts: * The ounce-force is a measure of force (see below). * The fluid ounce is a measure of volume. Historically, a variety of different ounces measuring mass or volume were used in different jurisdictions by different trades and at different times in history. Etymology ''Ounce'' derives from the Ancient Roman (meaning: a twelfth), a unit in the Ancient Roman units of measurement weighing about 27 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pennyweight
A pennyweight (dwt) is a unit of mass equal to 24 grains, of a troy ounce, of a troy pound, avoirdupois ounce and exactly 1.55517384 grams. It is abbreviated dwt, ''d'' standing for ''denarius'' (an ancient Roman coin), and later used as the symbol of an old British penny (see £sd). History In the Middle Ages, an English penny's weight was literally, as well as monetarily, of an ounce and of a pound of sterling silver. At that time, the pound unit in use in England was the Tower pound, equal to 7,680 Tower grains (also known as wheat grains). The medieval English pennyweight was thus equal to 32 Tower grains. When Troy weights replaced Tower weights in 1527, the Troy weights were defined in such a way that the old Tower pound came out to exactly 5,400 Troy grains (also known as barleycorns), the Tower pennyweight Troy grains (and thus approximately 1.46 grams). After 1527, the English pennyweight was the Troy pennyweight. of 24 Troy grains. Thus the T ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ear Of Wheat
An ear is the grain-bearing tip part of the stem of a cereal plant, such as wheat or maize. It can also refer to "a prominent lobe in some leaves." The ear is a spike, consisting of a central stem on which tightly packed rows of flowers grow. These develop into fruits containing the edible seeds. In maize, an ear is protected by leaves called husks. Inside an ear of corn is a corncob. In some species (including wheat), unripe ears contribute significantly to photosynthesis, in addition to the leaves lower down the plant. A parasite known as ''Anguina tritici'' (ear cockle) specifically affects the ears on wheat and rye by destroying the tissues and stems during growth. The parasite has been eradicated in most countries (with the exception of North Africa and West Asia) by using the crop rotation Crop rotation is the practice of growing a series of different types of crops in the same area across a sequence of growing seasons. This practice reduces the reliance of crops on ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
