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Armée De Liberation De Zgharta
The Marada Movement () is a Lebanese political party and a former militia active during the Lebanese Civil War named after the legendary Marada (also called Mardaites) warriors of the early Middle Ages that fought on the external edge of the Byzantine Empire. Originally designated the Marada Brigade ( ''Liwa al-Marada''), the group initially emerged as the personal militia of Suleiman Frangieh, president of Lebanon at the outbreak of the war in 1975, which also had a Parliamentary wing known as the Frangieh Bloc. They were also initially known as the ''Zgharta Liberation Army'', after Frangieh's hometown of Zgharta in North Lebanon, northern Lebanon. Marada in Lebanese history The Marada were a group of independent communities in Lebanon and the surrounding highlands after the conquest of Syria by the Arab army in 630 CE. While some historians argue that the Marada "States" were that of a Maronite Aramaic-speaking Christian warrior elite, other historians tend to downplay their imp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lebanese Nationalism
Lebanese nationalism is a nationalist ideology which considers the Lebanese people as a separate nation independent from the Arab world and strives to maintain Lebanon as an independent nation-state. The ideology may consider the Lebanese people to be direct descendants of the Phoenicians, a concept associated with Phoenicianism. The ideology is highly controversial and has been criticized for disuniting the Lebanese people rather than uniting them. While Lebanese nationalism appeals to the Lebanese Maronite community, it is generally unpopular among Lebanese Muslims, who often support Pan-Arabism and Pan-Islamism, as well as among Greek Orthodox Christians. History The Druze and Maronite community in Lebanon played an important role in the formation of the modern state of Lebanon in the early 18th century, through a governing and social system known as the " Maronite-Druze dualism" in Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate This ideology is rooted in the 19th-century sectarian war betwe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zgharta Liberation Army
The Zgharta Liberation Army – ZLA (), also known as Zghartawi Liberation Army, was the paramilitary branch of the Lebanese Marada Movement during the Lebanese Civil War. The militia was formed in the late 1960s by the future President of Lebanon and za'im Suleiman Frangieh as the Marada Brigade (also translated as Mardaite Brigade (Arabic: ''Liwa' al-Marada'') and was initially led by Suleiman Franjieh's son, Tony Frangieh, who held the command until his death in the June 1978 Ehden massacre. The ZLA operated mainly out of Tripoli and Zgharta, but it also fought in Beirut, Bsharri and Ehden, where they clashed with various Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) guerrilla factions and their allied leftist Muslim militias of the Lebanese National Movement (LNM), as well as the rival Christian Kataeb Regulatory Forces (KRF) militia and its successor, the Lebanese Forces (LF). Origins The Al-Marada's military wing was secretly formed in 1967 and at the outbreak of the war in A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nahr Al-Bared
Nahr al-Bared (, literally: Cold River) is a Palestinian refugee camp in northern Lebanon, 16 km from the city of Tripoli, Lebanon, Tripoli. Some 30,000 displaced Palestinians and their descendants live in and around the camp, which was named after the river that runs south of the camp. Under the terms of the 1969 Cairo Agreement (1969), Cairo Agreement, the Lebanese Army does not conventionally enter the Palestinian camps, and internal security is provided by Palestinian factions. Overview Nahr al-Bared is located directly on the Mediterranean Sea. It is made up of the "official" or "old" camp and the "unofficial" or "new" camp. The "old" camp is roughly 0.2 km2 and is under the responsibility of UNRWA. The "new" camp extends mainly to the north of the old camp, but also to lesser degrees to the east and south. It is less densely populated and many wealthier families have built their homes there in recent years. The camp is oblong shaped with the main road running s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Beddawi Refugee Camp
The Beddawi refugee camp is a refugee camp in north Lebanon. Established in 1955, it is located near Beddawi in the high region which is in front of Tripoli city. The camp was damaged during the Lebanese civil war. A number of refugees came to the Beddawi camp after Israel destroyed the Nabatieh refugee camp in 1974 and the Tel al-Zaatar refugee camp in 1976. Sectors The camp is divided into four sectors: Sector A: This contains 30% of the occupants. Most of them are from Safad region, Shafaamer, Nahf, Safouri, Yafa, Yafa Badoun, Al-Ghabisiyya, Al- Safsf. Sector B: This contains 20% of the occupants. Most of them are from, Safad region, Al-Safsf, Sohmata, Al- Brwih, Hayfa, Al- Bozih, Jahoula, Al- Naami. Sector C: This contains 30% of the occupants. Most of them are from, Safad region, Al- Bozih, Safouri, Hayfa region, Yafa, Khalesah. Sector D: This contains 20%, distributed among 3 regions: * PLO region: they are living in temporary houses and the occupant ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Koura District
Koura District (, from ) is a district in the North Governorate, Lebanon. Koura is one of the 26 districts of Lebanon, particularly known for its olive tree cultivation and olive oil production. It comprises a total of 52 villages, and its capital and largest town is Amioun, with about 10,000 inhabitants as of 2010. The district stretches from the Mediterranean Sea The Mediterranean Sea ( ) is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the east by the Levant in West Asia, on the north by Anatolia in West Asia and Southern Eur ... up to Mount Lebanon, and comprises a series of foothills surrounding a low-lying plain where olive is cultivated. The olive orchards of Koura are among the most extensive in Lebanon. The University of Balamand is headquartered in the Koura District. Demographics According to registered voters in 2014: Cities and towns See also * University of Balamand R ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tripoli District, Lebanon
The Tripoli District is a small, but very densely populated district in the North Governorate of Lebanon. It consists of the city Tripoli, its port town El Mina and the surrounding area. The vast majority of residents are Sunni Muslim (approximately 80%), a small minority Orthodox and Maronite Christians, and a small minority of Alawite Muslims. Municipalities * Al-Qalamoun Al-Qalamoun (Arabic: القلمون) is a Mediterranean seaside town of the North Governorate of Lebanon in the Tripoli District. The town is 5 km south of Tripoli and is also the first town south of Tripoli. Name During Greco-Roman time ... * el-Mina * Tripoli * Beddawi Demographics According to registered voters in 2014: References {{Tripoli District Districts of Lebanon ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Christianity In Lebanon
Christianity has a long and continuous history in Lebanon. Biblical scriptures show that Saint Peter, Peter and Paul the Apostle, Paul evangelized the Phoenicians, leading to the dawn of the ancient Patriarch of Antioch, Patriarchate of Antioch. As such, Christianity in Lebanon is as old as Christian faith itself. Christianity spread slowly in Lebanon due to Paganism, pagans who resisted conversion, but it ultimately spread throughout the country. Even after centuries of Islamic conquests, living under Muslim Empires, Christianity remains the dominant faith of the Mount Lebanon region and has substantial communities elsewhere. The Maronite Catholics and the Druze founded modern Lebanon in the nineteenth century, through a governing and social system known as the "Christianity and Druze, Maronite-Druze dualism" in the Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate. Lebanon has the second highest proportion of Christians of any Middle Eastern country (after Cyprus), estimated to be between 37% and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
North Lebanon
North Lebanon () is the northern region of Lebanon comprising the North Governorate and Akkar Governorate. On 16 July 2003, the two entities were divided from the same province by former Prime Minister Rafik Hariri. The division was known as Law 522. The main cities and towns of the region are Halba, Tripoli, Miniyeh, Zgharta, Bcharreh, Amioun and Batroun. The districts of Akkar, Tripoli and Miniyeh-Danniyeh are known for their large Sunni Muslim population while the districts of Zgharta, Bcharreh, Koura and Batroun are known for their large Christian population. Education The University of Balamand (UOB) main campus is in North Lebanon. The most modern public Lebanese University campus is the North Campus. History French occupation Tripoli Massacre On 13 November 1943, a tragic incident took place in Tripoli, resulting in the loss of lives of 14 students, all under the age of 15. The students were struck by French tanks driven by Senegalese soldiers while partic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Marada Brigade
The Zgharta Liberation Army – ZLA (), also known as Zghartawi Liberation Army, was the paramilitary branch of the Lebanese Marada Movement during the Lebanese Civil War. The militia was formed in the late 1960s by the future President of Lebanon and za'im Suleiman Frangieh as the Marada Brigade (also translated as Mardaite Brigade (Arabic: ''Liwa' al-Marada'') and was initially led by Suleiman Franjieh's son, Tony Frangieh, who held the command until his death in the June 1978 Ehden massacre. The ZLA operated mainly out of Tripoli and Zgharta, but it also fought in Beirut, Bsharri and Ehden, where they clashed with various Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) guerrilla factions and their allied leftist Muslim militias of the Lebanese National Movement (LNM), as well as the rival Christian Kataeb Regulatory Forces (KRF) militia and its successor, the Lebanese Forces (LF). Origins The Al-Marada's military wing was secretly formed in 1967 and at the outbreak of the war in April ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Byzantine Empire
The Byzantine Empire, also known as the Eastern Roman Empire, was the continuation of the Roman Empire centred on Constantinople during late antiquity and the Middle Ages. Having survived History of the Roman Empire, the events that caused the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th centuryAD, it endured until the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Empire in 1453. The term 'Byzantine Empire' was coined only after its demise; its citizens used the term 'Roman Empire' and called themselves 'Romans'. During the early centuries of the Roman Empire, the western provinces were Romanization (cultural), Latinised, but the eastern parts kept their Hellenistic culture. Constantine the Great, Constantine I () legalised Christianity and moved the capital to Constantinople. Theodosius I, Theodosius I () made Christianity the state religion and Greek gradually replaced Latin for official use. The empire adopted a defensive strategy and, throughout its remaining history, expe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Middle Ages
In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted approximately from the 5th to the late 15th centuries, similarly to the post-classical period of global history. It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire and transitioned into the Renaissance and the Age of Discovery. The Middle Ages is the middle period of the three traditional divisions of Western history: classical antiquity, the medieval period, and the modern period. The medieval period is itself subdivided into the Early, High, and Late Middle Ages. Population decline, counterurbanisation, the collapse of centralised authority, invasions, and mass migrations of tribes, which had begun in late antiquity, continued into the Early Middle Ages. The large-scale movements of the Migration Period, including various Germanic peoples, formed new kingdoms in what remained of the Western Roman Empire. In the 7th century, North Africa and the Middle East—once part of the Byzantine Empireâ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
