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4,4'-Dimethylaminorex
4,4'-Dimethylaminorex (abbreviated as 4,4'-DMAR), sometimes referred to by the street name "Serotoni", is a psychostimulant and entactogen designer drug related to aminorex, 4-methylaminorex, and pemoline. It was first detected in the Netherlands in December 2012, and has been sold as a designer drug around Europe since mid-2013. 4,4'-DMAR had been linked to at least 31 deaths in Hungary, Poland, and the UK by February 2014, mostly when consumed in combination with other drugs. Nineteen deaths linked to 4,4'-DMAR were reported in Northern Ireland in the same time period. Pharmacology Pharmacodynamics 4,4'-DMAR is a monoamine releasing agent (MRA) and acts specifically as a highly potent and well-balanced serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine releasing agent (SNDRA), with EC50 values for serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine release of 18.5nM, 26.9nM, and 8.6nM, respectively. It also interacts with the vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) with similar potency as MDMA. In ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
4-Methylaminorex
4-Methylaminorex (4-MAR, 4-MAX) is a stimulant drug of the 2-amino-5-aryloxazoline group that was first synthesized in 1960 by McNeil Laboratories. It is also known by its street name "U4Euh" ("Euphoria"). It is banned in many countries as a stimulant. 4-Methylaminorex has effects comparable to methamphetamine but with a longer duration. Chemistry 4-Methylaminorex exists as four stereoisomers : (±)-''cis'' and (±)-''trans''. The (±)-''cis'' isomers are the form used recreationally. Synthesis The (±)-''cis'' isomers acemate (1:1-mixture) of the (4''R'',5''S'')-isomer and the enantiomeric (4''S'',5''R'')-isomergenerally synthesized from dl-phenylpropanolamine in one step by cyclization with cyanogen bromide (sometimes prepared ''in situ'' by reacting sodium cyanide with bromine). Alternate synthesis routes generally involve more steps, such as replacing cyanogen bromide with sodium or potassium cyanate to form an intermediate and then reacting it with concentrated hydroch ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aminorex
Aminorex, sold under the brand names Menocil and Apiquel among others, is a weight loss (anorectic) stimulant drug. It was withdrawn from the market after it was found to cause pulmonary hypertension (PPH). In the United States, aminorex is a Schedule I controlled substance. Aminorex, in the 2-amino-5-aryloxazoline group, was developed by McNeil Laboratories in 1962. It is closely related to 4-methylaminorex (4-MAR). Aminorex has been shown to have locomotor-stimulant effects, lying midway between dextroamphetamine and methamphetamine. Aminorex effects have been attributed to the release of catecholamines. It can be produced as a metabolite of the deworming medication levamisole, which is sometimes used as a cutting agent of illicitly produced cocaine. Pharmacology Pharmacodynamics Aminorex is a serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agent (SNDRA). Its values for induction of monoamine release are 26.4nM for norepinephrine, 49.4nM for dopamine, and 193nM fo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
4-methylaminorex
4-Methylaminorex (4-MAR, 4-MAX) is a stimulant drug of the 2-amino-5-aryloxazoline group that was first synthesized in 1960 by McNeil Laboratories. It is also known by its street name "U4Euh" ("Euphoria"). It is banned in many countries as a stimulant. 4-Methylaminorex has effects comparable to methamphetamine but with a longer duration. Chemistry 4-Methylaminorex exists as four stereoisomers : (±)-''cis'' and (±)-''trans''. The (±)-''cis'' isomers are the form used recreationally. Synthesis The (±)-''cis'' isomers acemate (1:1-mixture) of the (4''R'',5''S'')-isomer and the enantiomeric (4''S'',5''R'')-isomergenerally synthesized from dl-phenylpropanolamine in one step by cyclization with cyanogen bromide (sometimes prepared ''in situ'' by reacting sodium cyanide with bromine). Alternate synthesis routes generally involve more steps, such as replacing cyanogen bromide with sodium or potassium cyanate to form an intermediate and then reacting it with concentrated hydroch ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aminorex
Aminorex, sold under the brand names Menocil and Apiquel among others, is a weight loss (anorectic) stimulant drug. It was withdrawn from the market after it was found to cause pulmonary hypertension (PPH). In the United States, aminorex is a Schedule I controlled substance. Aminorex, in the 2-amino-5-aryloxazoline group, was developed by McNeil Laboratories in 1962. It is closely related to 4-methylaminorex (4-MAR). Aminorex has been shown to have locomotor-stimulant effects, lying midway between dextroamphetamine and methamphetamine. Aminorex effects have been attributed to the release of catecholamines. It can be produced as a metabolite of the deworming medication levamisole, which is sometimes used as a cutting agent of illicitly produced cocaine. Pharmacology Pharmacodynamics Aminorex is a serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agent (SNDRA). Its values for induction of monoamine release are 26.4nM for norepinephrine, 49.4nM for dopamine, and 193nM fo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
3',4'-Methylenedioxy-4-methylaminorex
3',4'-Methylenedioxy-4-methylaminorex (MDMAR) is a recreational designer drug from the substituted aminorex family, with monoamine-releasing effects. It is a potent serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agent (SNDRA). See also * 2C-B-aminorex * 4B-MAR * 4C-MAR * 4,4'-DMAR * 4'-Fluoro-4-methylaminorex * 5-MAPB * MDMA * Methylenedioxyphenmetrazine * List of aminorex analogues This is a list of aminorex analogues, also known as substituted 2-amino-5-aryloxazolines. Aminorex itself is a stimulant drug with a 5-phenyl-2-amino-oxazoline structure. It was developed in the 1960s as an anorectic, but withdrawn from sale after ... References Aminorexes Designer drugs Methylenedioxyphenethylamines {{psychoactive-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Entactogen
Entactogens, also known as empathogens or connectogens, are a class of psychoactive drugs that induce the production of experiences of emotional communion, oneness, connectedness, emotional openness—that is, empathy—as particularly observed and reported for experiences with MDMA. This class of drug is distinguished from the classes of hallucinogens or psychedelics and stimulants, although entactogens, for instance MDMA, can also have these properties. Entactogens are used both as recreational drugs and are being investigated for medical use in the treatment of psychiatric disorders, for instance MDMA-assisted therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Notable members of this class include MDMA, MDA, MDEA, MDOH, MBDB, 5-APB, 5-MAPB, 6-APB, 6-MAPB, methylone, mephedrone, αMT, αET, and MDAI, among others. Most entactogens are phenethylamines and amphetamines, although several, such as αMT and αET, are tryptamines. When referring to MDMA and its cou ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Monoamine Releasing Agent
A monoamine releasing agent (MRA), or simply monoamine releaser, is a drug that induces the release of one or more monoamine neurotransmitters from the presynaptic neuron into the synapse, leading to an increase in the extracellular concentrations of the neurotransmitters and hence enhanced signaling by those neurotransmitters. The monoamine neurotransmitters include serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine; MRAs can induce the release of one or more of these neurotransmitters. MRAs work by reversing the direction of the monoamine transporters (MATs), including the serotonin transporter (SERT), norepinephrine transporter (NET), and/or dopamine transporter (DAT), causing them to promote efflux of non-vesicular cytoplasmic monoamine neurotransmitter rather than reuptake of synaptic monoamine neurotransmitter. Many, but not all MRAs, also reverse the direction of the vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2), thereby additionally resulting in efflux of vesicular monoamine neuro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phenethylamine
Phenethylamine (PEA) is an organic compound, natural monoamine alkaloid, and trace amine, which acts as a central nervous system stimulant in humans. In the brain, phenethylamine regulates monoamine neurotransmission by binding to trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) and inhibiting vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) in monoamine neurons. To a lesser extent, it also acts as a neurotransmitter in the human central nervous system. In mammals, phenethylamine is produced from the amino acid L-phenylalanine by the enzyme aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase via enzymatic decarboxylation. In addition to its presence in mammals, phenethylamine is found in many other organisms and foods, such as chocolate, especially after microbial fermentation. Phenethylamine is sold as a dietary supplement for purported mood and weight loss-related therapeutic benefits; however, in orally ingested phenethylamine, a significant amount is metabolized in the small intestine by mon ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dextroamphetamine
Dextroamphetamine (international nonproprietary name, INN: dexamfetamine) is a potent central nervous system (CNS) stimulant and enantiomer of amphetamine that is used in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy. It is also used illicitly to enhance Nootropic, cognitive and athletic Performance-enhancing substance, performance, and recreationally as an aphrodisiac and euphoriant. Dextroamphetamine is generally regarded as the prototype drug, prototypical stimulant. The amphetamine molecule exists as two enantiomers, levoamphetamine and dextroamphetamine. Dextroamphetamine is the Levorotation and dextrorotation, dextrorotatory, or 'right-handed', enantiomer and exhibits more pronounced effects on the central nervous system than levoamphetamine. Pharmaceutical dextroamphetamine sulfate is available as both a brand name and generic drug in a variety of dosage forms. Dextroamphetamine is sometimes prescribed as the inactive prodrug lisdexamfet ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dextromethamphetamine
Methamphetamine (contracted from ) is a potent central nervous system (CNS) stimulant that is mainly used as a recreational or performance-enhancing drug and less commonly as a second-line treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). It has also been researched as a potential treatment for traumatic brain injury. Methamphetamine was discovered in 1893 and exists as two enantiomers: levo-methamphetamine and dextro-methamphetamine. ''Methamphetamine'' properly refers to a specific chemical substance, the racemic mixture, racemic free base, which is an equal mixture of levomethamphetamine and dextromethamphetamine in their pure amine forms, but the hydrochloride salt, commonly called crystal meth, is widely used. Methamphetamine is rarely prescribed over concerns involving its potential for recreational use as an aphrodisiac and euphoriant, among other concerns, as well as the availability of safer substitute good, substitute drugs with comparable treatment ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
