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1991 Hindu Kush Earthquake
The 1991 Hindu Kush earthquake severely affected Afghanistan, Pakistan and the USSR (present-day Tajikistan) on 1 February. It was an Depth of focus (tectonics), intermediate-depth earthquake with a hypocenter beneath the Hindu Kush mountains in Afghanistan. The shock measured 6.8 on the moment magnitude scale and had a maximum Mercalli intensity of X (''Extreme''). The reverse-faulting earthquake occurred in a seismically active region associated with faulting within a deforming oceanic plate at depth. The shaking was felt across parts of South Asia and the USSR. Hundreds of deaths were reported in Afghanistan and Pakistan, and damage was estimated at United States Dollar, US $26 million. In Pakistan, 5,100 homes were destroyed and another 79,900 were damaged. Landslides were reported, some reportedly wiped out entire villages. In present-day Tajikistan, three people died of heart attacks. Geology A concentration of intermediate-depth earthquakes have been observed beneath the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Afghanistan Time
The time in Afghanistan follows a single standard time offset of UTC+04:30 (four and a half hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time), even though the country spans almost two geographical time zones. The official national standard time is called Afghanistan Time (AFT) internationally. Daylight saving time Afghanistan has never observed daylight saving time (also known as DST or summer time). Afghanistan uses only one time zone across the whole nation and all its territories. IANA time zone database The territory of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan is covered in the IANA time zone database. The IANA The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) is a standards organization that oversees global IP address allocation, autonomous system number allocation, root zone management in the Domain Name System (DNS), media types, and other Internet P ... time zone identifier for Afghanistan is Asia/Kabul. For Afghanistan, the tz database time zones contains one zone in the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Focal Mechanism
The focal mechanism of an earthquake describes the Fault (geology)#Slip.2C heave.2C throw, deformation in the Hypocenter, source region that generates the seismic waves. In the case of a Fault (geology), fault-related event, it refers to the orientation of the fault plane that slipped, and the slip Euclidean vector, vector and is also known as a fault-plane solution. Focal mechanisms are derived from a solution of the moment tensor for the earthquake, which itself is estimated by an analysis of observed seismic waveforms. The focal mechanism can be derived from observing the pattern of "first motions", whether the first arriving P waves break up or down. This method was used before waveforms were recorded and analysed digitally, and this method is still used for earthquakes too small for easy moment tensor solution. Focal mechanisms are now mainly derived using semi-automatic analysis of the recorded waveforms. Moment tensor solutions The moment tensor solution is displayed gra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Chitral
Chitral () is a city situated on the Kunar River, Chitral River in northern area of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It serves as the capital of the Lower Chitral District, and was previously the capital of Chitral District, and before that the capital of Chitral (princely state), Chitral princely state. The region was encompassed into West Pakistan between the years 1969 and 1972. It has a population of 49,780 per the 2017 census. History Nothing definitive is recorded about the town's first settlers. In the 3rd century AD, Kanishka, the ruler of the Kushan Empire, occupied Chitral. In the 4th century AD, the Chinese overran the valley. Raees rule over Chitral began in 1320 and came to an end in the 15th century. From 1571 onwards Chitral was the capital of the princely state of Chitral under the rule of the Katur Dynasty. Ancient era file:Singoor.png, left, Gankoreneotek Grave in Singoor. The existence of the Gandhara grave culture, Gandharan Grave Culture in C ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Malakand District
Malakand District (, ) is a Districts of Pakistan, district in the Malakand Division of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. Until 1970, it was a part of the Malakand Protected Area of the erstwhile Provincially Administered Tribal Area(PATA) of Pakistan. In 1970, the district became part of the Malakand Division. Malakand District lies at a strategically important position as it acts as a gateway to the Bajaur Agency, Bajaur, Lower Dir District, Lower Dir, Swat District, Swat and Buner District, Bunair districts. It is surrounded by mountains that were covered with the varieties of trees, though they have a barren appearance nowadays. The Malakand Pass which connects Mardan to Swat and Dir is located near a region of Malakand called Dargai, a site where the local Pushtun tribes fought two fierce battles with the Imperial British Army in 1895 and 1897 (Siege of Malakand). The Swat River flows downwards through the district towards the Charsadda District, Pakistan, Charsad ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Centre For Research On The Epidemiology Of Disasters
The Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED) is a research unit of the University of Louvain (UCLouvain). It is part of the School of Public Health located on the UCLouvain Brussels Woluwe campus, in Brussels, Belgium. CRED has been active for over thirty years in the fields of international disaster and conflict health studies, with research and training activities linking relief, rehabilitation and development. It promotes research, training and technical expertise on humanitarian emergencies, with a special focus on public health and epidemiology. History In 1971, Professor , an epidemiologist at UCLouvain, initiated a research programme to study health issues in disaster situations. Two years later he established CRED as a non-profit institution with international status. Since 1980, CRED has been a World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Centre. Following the retirement of Professor Lechat in 1992, Professor Debarati Guha-Sapir—a researcher in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Office Of Foreign Disaster Assistance
The Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance (OFDA) was an organizational unit within the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) charged by the President of the United States with directing and coordinating international United States government disaster assistance. USAID merged the former offices of OFDA and Food for Peace (FFP) in 2020 to form the Bureau for Humanitarian Assistance (BHA). History After failed attempts to respond to the 1963 Skopje earthquake in Yugoslavia and the eruption of the Irazú Volcano in Costa Rica, the U.S. government decided to create a central, coordinating agency to lead U.S. international disaster response efforts. In 1964, OFDA was established under the Foreign Assistance Act with the appointment of a Foreign Disaster Relief Coordinator within USAID. In 1975, the Foreign Assistance Act was amended with a "notwithstanding" clause in the International Development and Food Assistance Act, allowing the President to bypass any ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Dera Ismail Khan Division
Dera Ismail Khan Division is an administrative division of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province, Pakistan. It is the southernmost division of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. CNIC code of Dera Ismail Khan Division is 12. Location Dera Ismail Khan Division borders Bannu Division (also Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) in the north, Dera Ghazi Khan Division and Sargodha Division (both Punjab) in the south-east and east respectively, Zhob Division (Balochistan) province in the south, and Afghanistan in the west. History It was formed after the implementation of the One Unit Scheme in 1954, according to which the North-West Frontier Province was divided into Dera Ismail Khan and Peshawar Divisions reforms of 2000 abolished the third tier of government. Until the 1990s, it also contained Bannu Division. After the passing of the 25th Amendment in 2018, the South Waziristan Tribal Agency was added to the division. List of the Districts List of the Tehsils Demographics According to 2023 census, Der ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Bajaur District
Bajaur District (, ), formerly Bajaur Agency, is a district in the Malakand Division of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province, Pakistan. Prior to 2018, Bajaur Agency was the northernmost component of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA), a semi-autonomous region along the Afghanistan–Pakistan border. In May 2018, FATA was merged into the larger Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province (KPK) in an attempt to bring stability to the region, redesignating Bajaur Agency to Bajaur District. The district lies on Pakistan's western border, sharing a 52 km border with Afghanistan's Kunar Province, and lies 35 mi (56 km) north of the Torkham border crossing linking Jalalabad and Peshawar. 498 square kilometer miles in size, Bajaur occupies a small mountain basin and is into seven tehsil (subdistricts) with its district headquarters in the town of Khar, in the district's center. According to the 2017 Pakistani census, Bajaur District has a population of 1,090,987. Geography Before th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Drosh
Drosh () is a town located in the Lower Chitral District of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan. History Drosh town was the property of Mehtar of Chitral. Mehtar appointed his close relative as governor of Drosh. During the regime of the great Mehtar of Chitral (Aman UL Mulk), his brother Prince Kohkan Baig, was governor of Drosh. After 14 years, his attitude changed towards Afghanistan and Mehtar Aman UL Mulk appointed his son, Prince Shah UL Mulk, as governor of Drosh in 1872. Shah ul Mulk was governor of Drosh from 1872 to 1892. During that time, Drosh province was from Broze to Chaqansarai (Afghanistan). After the murder of Shah ul Mulk, Kohkan Baig became governor of Drosh for the second time. Later on, Kohkan Baig supported his other brother Sher Afzal. In 1932, Mehtar Shuja UL Mulk appointed his son, Prince Hissam UL Mulk, as governor of Drosh. He was a very strong governor with full power. He remained governor until 1947. In 1947, Chitral state was merged with ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Arandu, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Arandu () is a town in the Lower Chitral District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The town is on the banks of the Landai Sin River just above its confluence with the Kunar River. Arandu lies on the border with Kunar Province, Afghanistan. History Anglo-Afghan War of 1919 During the Afghan War of Independence in 1919, the area was part of the ''Chatral front'' of the war where the Afghans invaded British India and were led to victory over the British Empire and its British Indian Army, Raj Subjects by Mir Zaman Khan. Demography Ethnically most residents are Khowar people, Khowar, and Gawar-Bati is the language spoken by the majority of the people in Arandu. As Arandu has a low elevation and is the last village in Chitral District on the traditional trade route to Kabul, locally this language is also known as ''Aranduiwar''. Pashto language, Pashto, Urdu, and Khowar language, Khowar are also spoken and understood. Geography Arandu is located on the banks of the Landai ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Accelerometer
An accelerometer is a device that measures the proper acceleration of an object. Proper acceleration is the acceleration (the rate of change (mathematics), rate of change of velocity) of the object relative to an observer who is in free fall (that is, relative to an inertial frame of reference). Proper acceleration is different from coordinate acceleration, which is acceleration with respect to a given coordinate system, which may or may not be accelerating. For example, an accelerometer at rest on the surface of the Earth will measure an Gravitational acceleration, acceleration due to Earth's gravity straight upwards of about Standard gravity, ''g'' ≈ 9.81 m/s2. By contrast, an accelerometer that is in free fall will measure zero acceleration. Accelerometers have many uses in industry, consumer products, and science. Highly sensitive accelerometers are used in inertial navigation systems for aircraft and missiles. In unmanned aerial vehicles, accelerometers help to stabili ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Spectral Acceleration
Spectral acceleration (SA) is a unit measured in ''g'' (the acceleration due to Earth's gravity, equivalent to g-force) that describes the maximum acceleration in an earthquake on an object – specifically a damped, harmonic oscillator moving in one physical dimension. This can be measured at (or specified for) different oscillation frequencies and with different degrees of damping, although 5% damping is commonly applied.Intensity Measure Type (IMT) OpenSHA, accessed 2011-04-14 The SA at different frequencies may be plotted to form a response spectrum. Spectral acceleration, with a value related to the natural ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
