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1989 Polish Presidential Election
Indirect presidential elections were held in Poland on 19 July 1989. The elections were the first after the office of President of the Republic of Poland had been re-established after a period of Communist rule and were the last in which the President was elected by Parliament (joint houses of the Sejm and Senate). Despite adoption of the democratic system there was only one candidate. After the Round Table Agreement, which resulted in a semi-free parliamentary election, marked by effective Solidarity victory and ''de facto'' loss of the Polish United Workers' Party, on July 4, 1989, Adam Michnik proposed a power-sharing deal between communist and the democratic opposition (''Your President, our Prime Minister''), according to which Chairman of the Council of State and Communist leader Wojciech Jaruzelski would become president and a Solidarity representative would become Prime Minister (this position indeed went to Tadeusz Mazowiecki in August, albeit after an attempt by Jaruze ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Wojciech Jaruzelski
Wojciech Witold Jaruzelski ( ; ; 6 July 1923 – 25 May 2014) was a Polish military general, politician and ''de facto'' leader of the Polish People's Republic from 1981 until 1989. He was the First Secretary of the Polish United Workers' Party between 1981 and 1989, making him the last leader of the Polish People's Republic. Jaruzelski served as Prime Minister of Poland, Prime Minister from 1981 to 1985, the Polish Council of State, Chairman of the Council of State from 1985 to 1989 and briefly as President of Poland from 1989 to 1990, when the office of President was restored after 37 years. He was also the last commander-in-chief of the Polish People's Army, which in 1990 became the Polish Armed Forces. Born to Polish nobility in Kurów in eastern (then-central) Poland, Jaruzelski was deported with his family to Siberia by the NKVD after the invasion of Poland. Assigned to forced labour in the Siberian wilderness, he developed photokeratitis which forced him to wear protect ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Adam Michnik
Adam Michnik (; born 17 October 1946) is a Polish historian, essayist, former Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1989), dissident, Intellectual#Public intellectual, public intellectual, as well as co-founder and editor-in-chief of the Polish newspaper . Reared in a family of committed communists, Michnik became an opponent of Poland's communist regime at the time of the party's anti-Jewish purges. He was imprisoned after the 1968 1968 Polish political crisis, March Events and again after the imposition of Martial Law in Poland, martial law in 1981. He has been called "one of Poland's most famous political prisoners". Michnik played a crucial role during the Polish Round Table Talks, as a result of which the communists agreed to call 1989 Polish legislative election, elections in 1989, which were won by Solidarity (Polish trade union), Solidarity. Though he has withdrawn from active politics, he has "maintained an influential voice through journalism". He has received ma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Ryszard Bugaj
Ryszard Bugaj (born February 22, 1944, in Gawłów, Masovian Voivodeship) is a Polish politician and economist, former leader of Unia Pracy (Labour Union), a member of the Sejm of three terms and former advisor to the then president of Poland, Lech Kaczyński. Biography He graduated from the Faculty of Political Economy at the University of Warsaw in 1971, in 1989, based on his dissertation entitled Attempt to reform the system of financing the economy in the first half of the seventies, he became a doctor of economics, and in 2004, based on his scientific achievements and thesis entitled Dilemmas of public finance. Transformations in the Polish economy, he obtained the degree of habilitated doctor of economics. In 1968, he took part in student protests against the removal of the play Dziady. In 1980, he joined Solidarity movement, in November 1980 he became a member of the Society of Scientific Courses, during martial law he was interned for several days. He participated in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Czesław Janicki
Czesław Andrzej Janicki (born 19 July 1926 in Korytnica, died 29 December 2012 in Poznań) was a Polish scientist, zootechnician, teacher, and academic lecturer, professor of agricultural sciences, Minister of Agriculture and Deputy Prime Minister (1989–1990), and a member of the Sejm during its 10th term. Biography Early life During World War II, beginning in July 1944, Czesław Andrzej Janicki worked as a forced laborer in Gądki near Poznań, digging rifle trenches and anti-tank ditches. From August of that year, he was imprisoned for three months in the penal-investigation camp in Żabikowo. On 5 January 1945, he was transferred to trench-digging duties near Wieluń. After the war, he completed studies at the Agricultural School in Bojanowo (1947). In 1951, he also passed an additional exam in pedagogical subjects at the Pedagogical High School in Krotoszyn. He became a teacher and manager of the farm at the Agricultural School in Psary and began his involvement ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Casual Vacancy
''The Casual Vacancy'' is a novel written by British author J. K. Rowling, published worldwide by the Little, Brown Book Group on 27 September 2012. It was Rowling's first publication since the ''Harry Potter'' series, her first novel apart from that series, and her first for adult readership. The novel is set in a suburban West Country town called Pagford and begins with the death of beloved Parish councils in England, parish councillor Barry Fairbrother. Consequently, a seat on the council is vacant and a conflict ensues before the election for his successor takes place. Factions develop, particularly concerning whether to dissociate with a local council estate, 'the Fields', with which Barry supported an alliance. However, those running for a place soon find their darkest secrets revealed on the Parish Council online forum, ruining their campaign and leaving the election in turmoil. Major themes in the novel are class, politics, and social issues such as drugs, prostitution ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Polski Związek Katolicko-Społeczny
Polish may refer to: * Anything from or related to Poland, a country in Europe * Polish language * Polish people, people from Poland or of Polish descent * Polish chicken * Polish brothers (Mark Polish and Michael Polish, born 1970), American twin screenwriters * Kevin Polish, an American Paralympian archer Polish may refer to: * Polishing, the process of creating a smooth and shiny surface by rubbing or chemical action ** French polishing, polishing wood to a high gloss finish * Nail polish * Shoe polish * Polish (screenwriting), improving a script in smaller ways than in a rewrite See also * * * Polishchuk (surname) * Polonaise (other) A polonaise ()) is a stately dance of Polish origin or a piece of music for this dance. Polonaise may also refer to: * Polonaises (Chopin), compositions by Frédéric Chopin ** Polonaise in A-flat major, Op. 53 (, ''Heroic Polonaise''; ) * Polon ... {{Disambiguation, surname Language and nationality disambiguation pages ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Unia Chrześcijańsko-Społeczna
''Unia'' (), released on 25 May 2007, is the fifth full-length studio album by the power metal band Sonata Arctica, following the album ''Reckoning Night''. The first single from the album was " Paid in Full", released on 27 April 2007. This is also the last album that features guitarist Jani Liimatainen, who was later replaced by Elias Viljanen after the album was released. The album was mixed at Finnvox Studios, and mastered at Cutting Room Studios in Stockholm, Sweden. The album was also released as a limited edition noble book in 7" size (1000 copies), exclusively available via mailorder from Nuclear Blast records. The limited edition came with a differing track listing and bonus tracks "To Create a Warlike Feel" and "Out in the Fields". Sound and themes ''Unia'' is darker and more aggressive than Sonata Arctica's earlier work, with mid-tempo songs, more inclusion of 7 string guitars and a minimal amount of solos. It has been described as a significant "turning point". Voca ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Solidarity Citizens' Committee
The Solidarity Citizens' Committee (''Komitet Obywatelski "Solidarność"'', KO "S"), also known as Citizens' Electoral Committee (''Obywatelski Komitet Wyborczy'') and previously named the Citizens' Committee with Lech Wałęsa (''Komitet Obywatelski przy Lechu Wałęsie''), was an initially semi-legal political organisation of the democratic opposition in Communist Poland.''Daily Report: East Europe'', Issues 181-190. United States, The Service, 1990. 50. Formed on 18 December 1988 in the premises of the Shrine of St. Faustina (Warsaw), Divine Mercy church in Warsaw, it spontaneously evolved into a nationwide movement attracting a vast majority of supporters of radical political change in the country after the conclusion of the Polish Round Table Agreement, Round Table talks (6 February–4 April 1989) and the announcement of 1989 Polish legislative election, semi-free general elections for 4 June that year. The relaunched union weekly ''Tygodnik Solidarność'', then edited b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Poland National Assembly 1989
Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe. It extends from the Baltic Sea in the north to the Sudetes and Carpathian Mountains in the south, bordered by Lithuania and Russia to the northeast, Belarus and Ukraine to the east, Slovakia and the Czech Republic to the south, and Germany to the west. The territory has a varied landscape, diverse ecosystems, and a temperate climate. Poland is composed of Voivodeships of Poland, sixteen voivodeships and is the fifth most populous member state of the European Union (EU), with over 38 million people, and the List of European countries by area, fifth largest EU country by area, covering . The capital and List of cities and towns in Poland, largest city is Warsaw; other major cities include Kraków, Wrocław, Łódź, Poznań, and Gdańsk. Prehistory and protohistory of Poland, Prehistoric human activity on Polish soil dates to the Lower Paleolithic, with continuous settlement since the end of the Last Gla ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
1989 Polish Parliamentary Election
Parliamentary elections were held in Poland on 4 June 1989 to elect members of the Sejm and the recreated Senate of Poland, Senate, with a second round on 18 June. They were the first elections in the country since the Polish United Workers Party, communist government abandoned its monopoly of power in April 1989 and the first elections in the Eastern Bloc that resulted in the communist government losing power. Not all seats in the Sejm were allowed to be contested, but the resounding victory of the Solidarity (Polish trade union), Solidarity opposition in the freely contested races (the rest of the Sejm seats and all of the Senate) paved the way to the Fall of Communism in Poland, end of communist rule in Poland. Solidarity won all of the freely contested seats in the Sejm, and all but one seat in the Senate, which was scored by a government-aligned Independent politics, nonpartisan candidate.Paulina Codogni (2012). Wybory czerwcowe 1989 roku. Institute of National Remembrance, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Senate Of Poland
The Senate () is the upper house of the Parliament of Poland, Polish parliament, the lower house being the Sejm of the Republic of Poland, Sejm. The history of the Polish Senate stretches back over 500 years; it was one of the first constituent bodies of a bicameral parliament in Europe and existed without hiatus until the final Partitions of Poland, partition of the Polish state in 1795. The contemporary Senate is composed of 100 senators elected by a universal ballot and is headed by the Marshal of the Senate (''Marszałek Senatu''). The incumbent Marshal of the Senate is Małgorzata Kidawa-Błońska. Following a brief period of existence under the Second Polish Republic, the Senate was again abolished by the authorities of the Polish People's Republic. It was not re-established until the collapse of the communist government and reinstatement of democracy in Poland in 1989. The Senate is based in Warsaw and is located in a building which forms part of the Sejm Complex on Wiejs ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
National Assembly (Poland)
The parliament of Poland is the bicameral legislature of Poland. It is composed of an upper house (the Senate) and a lower house (the Sejm). Both houses are accommodated in the Sejm and Senate Complex in Warsaw. The Constitution of Poland does not refer to the Parliament as a body, but only to the Sejm and Senate. Members of both houses are elected by direct election, usually every four years. The Sejm has 460 members, while the Senate has 100 senators. To become law, a bill must first be approved by both houses, but the Sejm can override a Senate refusal to pass a bill. On certain occasions, the Marshal of the Sejm summons the National Assembly, a joint session of the members of both houses. It is mostly ceremonial in nature, and it only convenes occasionally, such as to witness the inauguration of the President. Under exceptional circumstances, the constitution endows the National Assembly with great responsibilities and powers, such as to bring the President before the Stat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
