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1971 Bangladesh Genocide
The Bangladesh genocide was the ethnic cleansing of Bengalis residing in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) during the Bangladesh Liberation War, perpetrated by the Pakistan Army and the Razakar (Pakistan), Razakars. It began on 25 March 1971, as Operation Searchlight was launched by West Pakistan (now Pakistan) to militarily subdue the Bengali population of East Pakistan; the Bengalis comprised the demographic majority and had been calling for independence from the Pakistani state. Seeking to curtail the Bengali self-determination movement, erstwhile Pakistani president Yahya Khan approved a large-scale military deployment, and in the nine-month-long conflict that ensued, Pakistani soldiers and local pro-Pakistan militias killed between 300,000 and 3,000,000 Bengalis and Rape during the Bangladesh Liberation War, raped between 200,000 and 400,000 Bengali women in a systematic campaign of mass murder and Genocidal rape, genocidal sexual violence. West Pakistanis in particular were ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bangladesh Liberation War
The Bangladesh Liberation War (, ), also known as the Bangladesh War of Independence, was an War, armed conflict sparked by the rise of the Bengali nationalism, Bengali nationalist and self-determination movement in East Pakistan, which resulted in the independence of Bangladesh. The war began when the Pakistani Military dictatorship, military junta based in West Pakistan—under the orders of Yahya Khan—launched Operation Searchlight against East Pakistanis on the night of 25 March 1971, initiating the Bangladesh genocide. In response to the violence, members of the Mukti Bahini—a Guerrilla warfare, guerrilla resistance movement formed by Bengali military, paramilitary and civilians—launched a mass guerrilla war against the Pakistan Armed Forces, Pakistani military, liberating numerous towns and cities in the war's initial months. At first, the Pakistan Army regained momentum during the monsoon, but Bengali guerrillas counterattacked by carrying out widespread sabotag ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Al-Shams (East Pakistan)
The Al-Shams (; ; ) was a collaborationist paramilitary wing allied with several Islamist parties in East Pakistan, comprising both local Bengalis and Muhajirs. Alongside the Pakistan Army and Al-Badr, Al-Shams has been accused of participating in widespread atrocities against Bengali nationalists, civilians, and religious and ethnic minorities during the 1971 war. Following the war, the government of Bangladesh officially banned the group. Naming and inspirations Al-Shams is an Arabic word meaning 'The Sun' and also the name of a Surah in the Quran, Surat Ash-Shams. Al Shams and Al-Badr were local Bengali and Bihari armed groups formed by the Pakistan Army. Background On 25 March 1971, after Operation Searchlight, the exiled leadership of what is now Bangladesh declared independence from Pakistan and armed campaign against the Pakistan Army began. This struggle was spearheaded by elements of Mukti Bahini with strong support from India. As most of the locals were in sup ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Romanization Of Bengali
Romanisation of Bengali is the representation of written Bengali language in the Latin script. Various romanisation systems for Bengali are used, most of which do not perfectly represent Bengali pronunciation. While different standards for romanisation have been proposed for Bengali, none has been adopted with the same degree of uniformity as Japanese or Sanskrit.In Japanese, some debate exists as to whether to accent certain distinctions, such as Tōhoku vs Tohoku. Sanskrit is well standardized, as it has few speakers, and sound change is not a large concern. The Bengali script has been included with the group of Indic scripts whose romanisation does not represent the phonetic value of Bengali. Some of them are the "International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration" or IAST system (based on diacritics), "Indian languages Transliteration" or ITRANS (uses upper case alphabets suited for ASCII keyboards), and the National Library at Calcutta romanisation. In the context of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bengali Language
Bengali, also known by its endonym and exonym, endonym Bangla (, , ), is an Indo-Aryan languages, Indo-Aryan language belonging to the Indo-Iranian languages, Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European languages, Indo-European language family. It is native to the Bengal region (Bangladesh, India's West Bengal and Tripura) of South Asia. With over 242 million native speakers and another 43 million as second language speakers as of 2025, Bengali is the List of languages by number of native speakers, sixth most spoken native language and the List of languages by total number of speakers, seventh most spoken language by the total number of speakers in the world. Bengali is the Official language, official, National language, national, and most widely spoken language of Bangladesh, with 98% of Bangladeshis using Bengali as their first language. It is the second-most widely spoken scheduled languages of India, language in India. It is the official language of the Indian states of West ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Manual Of Style/Lead Section
{{disambiguation ...
Manual may refer to: Instructions * User guide * Owner's manual * Instruction manual (gaming) * Online help *Procedures manual *Handbook Other uses * Manual (music), a keyboard, as for an organ * Manual (band) * Manual transmission * Manual, a bicycle technique similar to a wheelie, but without the use of pedal torque * Manual, balancing on two wheels in freestyle skateboarding tricks * '' The Manual (How to Have a Number One the Easy Way)'' is a 1988 book by Bill Drummond and Jimmy Cauty See also * Instruction (other) * Tutorial In education, a tutorial is a method of transferring knowledge and may be used as a part of a learning process. More interactive and specific than a book or a lecture, a tutorial seeks to teach by example and supply the information to complete ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rao Farman Ali
Rao Farman Ali Khan ( ; 1 January 1923 – 20 January 2004) was a Pakistani military officer who is widely considered complicit in the Rayer Bazar killings during the Bangladesh Liberation War. Farman oversaw the deployment of local militias (razakars) during the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971. He testified his responsibilities in the Hamoodur Rahman Commission in 1972 but denied allegations of genocide committed in Bangladesh in spite of the Hamoodur Rahman Commission which proved the involvement of misconducts and genocide of Pakistani military personnel. Upon retirement, he joined the Fauji Foundation and later headed the Fauji Fertilizer Company Limited in 1978. From 1985–88, he served as petroleum minister and National Security Advisor in President Zia-ul-Haq's administration, and went into hiding after Zia's death. Farman authored a book titled ''How Pakistan Got Divided''. Biography Rao Farman Ali Khan was born into a Rajput family in Rohtak, East Punja ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Khadim Hussain Raja
Khadim Hussain Raja (; 23 November 1922 – 9 December 1999) was a Pakistani military officer and author. He is largely known for his role in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 and was in charge of planning Operation Searchlight. He was the general officer commanding of the 14th Division during the war. Early life Raja was born on 23 November 1922 in Haranpur, Jhelum District to an agriculturist family. Education He received his education from Central Model High School in Lahore and graduated with Honours in English from Government College University, Lahore. Military career Commission He joined the British Indian Army in 1942 and received the King's Commission from the Indian Military Academy in Dehradun. World War II deployment He served in an infantry battalion in the Burma campaign of World War II until the end of the war. Pakistan Army After the Partition of British India in 1947, he opted to join the Pakistan Army. He volunteered in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947-1948 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tikka Khan
Tikka Khan, also known as the Butcher of Bengal.Tikka Khan title: * * * * * * * * (; 10 February 1915 – 28 March 2002) was a Pakistani military officer and war criminal who served as the first Chief of the Army Staff (Pakistan), chief of the army staff from 1972 to 1976. Along with Yahya Khan and Abdul Hamid Khan (general), Abdul Hamid Khan, he is considered a chief architect of the 1971 Bangladesh genocide that resulted in the deaths of, depending on which authority is consulted, between three hundred thousand and three million people. Gaining a Commission (document), commission in 1940 as an artillery officer in the British Indian Army to participate in World War II, he rose to command the 8th and 15th infantry Division (military), divisions in the lost Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, war with India in 1965. In 1969, he was appointed as the commander of IV Corps (Pakistan), IV Corps while acting as martial law administrator in West Pakistan under President Yahya Khan. In 1971, he ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abdul Hamid Khan (general)
Abdul Hamid Khan (; 29 April 1917 – 1984) was a Pakistani General (Pakistan), army general who served as the last Chief of Staff (Pakistan Army), Chief of Staff of the Pakistan Army under President of Pakistan, President Yahya Khan and led the army during the Bangladesh Liberation War and Indo-Pakistani war of 1971, Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. During the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, he led the Pakistan 11th Division to victory in the Battle of Kasur (1965), Battle of Kasur. Despite the prominence of his military career, he is also accused for his complicity in the Bangladesh genocide in 1971. Early life and education Hamid Khan was born on 29 April 1917 in Pyin Oo Lwin, Maymyo, British Burma (Now, Pyin Oo Lwin, Myanmar) to a Punjabi-Kashmiri father and a Burmese domestic servant mother.The Half Yearly Indian Army List April 1946 His father, a well-educated civil servant, had moved to Burma from Punjab, as part of the Colonial Service, British Colonial Administration. Growing ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yahya Khan
Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan (4 February 191710 August 1980) was a Pakistani army officer who served as the third president of Pakistan from 1969 to 1971. He also served as the fifth Commander-in-Chief, Pakistan, commander-in-chief of the Pakistan Army from 1966 to 1971. A Pathans of Punjab, Pathan of Punjab, Khan was commissioned into the British Indian Army in 1939 and fought in the Second World War in the Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II, Mediterranean theatre. Following the Partition of British India, he joined the Pakistan Army and organized the Staff College, Quetta. In 1965, he played a vital role in executing Operation Grand Slam in Indian-administered Kashmir during the Second India–Pakistan War and was assigned to assume the army command in October 1966 by President Ayub Khan. In the wake of the 1968–1969 Pakistani protests, Ayub Khan resigned and transferred his authority to Yahya Khan. Khan's presidency oversaw Martial law in Pakistan, martial ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mujahid Bahini (East Pakistan)
Mujahid Bahini was an East Pakistani paramilitary force during the Bangladesh War of Independence, that fought against the Mukti Bahini and aided the Pakistan Army. Formation On July 29, 1971, Tikka Khan called for formation of the ''Mujahid Bahini'' to fight against the Mukti Bahini. In June 1971, East Pakistani Islamic scholars demanded for the establishment of Mujahid Bahini. In August–September, the Mujahid Bahini in East Pakistan was established and the group's recruits were reportedly dacoits. Postmaster Mr Hoque said: Actions On 30 October 1971, ''Mujahid Bahini'' caught some Indian agents, Indian robbers and Mujahid Bahini then opened fire, killing 3 and other robbers surrendered. Mujahid Bahini also captured 21 rifles, 252 bombs, 320 land mines and 850 rounds of ammunition in different locations across East Pakistan. On 8-9 December 1971, Pakistani forces reportedly decided to leave Madaripur to enter Faridpur, Pakistan Army and it's local collaborators ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
