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1913 Ottoman Coup D'état
The 1913 Ottoman coup d'état (23 January 1913), also known as the Raid on the Sublime Porte (), was a coup d'état carried out in the Ottoman Empire by a number of Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) members led by Enver Pasha, Ismail Enver Bey and Talaat Pasha, Mehmed Talaat Bey, in which the group made a surprise raid on the central Ottoman government buildings, the Sublime Porte ().After receiving the permission of Sultan Mehmed V to form a new government in late October 1912, Kâmil Pasha sat down to engage in diplomatic talks with Kingdom of Bulgaria, Bulgaria after the unsuccessful First Balkan War. With the Bulgarian demand for the cession of the former Ottoman capital city of Adrianople (today, and in Turkish at the time, known as Edirne) looming and the outrage among the Turkish populace as well as the CUP leadership, the CUP carried out the coup on January 23, 1913. After the coup, List of political parties in the Ottoman Empire, opposition parties were subject to heavy ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire (), also called the Turkish Empire, was an empire, imperial realm that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Central Europe, between the early 16th and early 18th centuries. The empire emerged from a Anatolian beyliks, ''beylik'', or principality, founded in northwestern Anatolia in by the Turkoman (ethnonym), Turkoman tribal leader Osman I. His successors Ottoman wars in Europe, conquered much of Anatolia and expanded into the Balkans by the mid-14th century, transforming their petty kingdom into a transcontinental empire. The Ottomans ended the Byzantine Empire with the Fall of Constantinople, conquest of Constantinople in 1453 by Mehmed II. With its capital at History of Istanbul#Ottoman Empire, Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul) and control over a significant portion of the Mediterranean Basin, the Ottoman Empire was at the centre of interacti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mahmud Shevket Pasha
Mahmud Shevket Pasha (, ; 1856 – 11 June 1913)David Kenneth Fieldhouse: ''Western imperialism in the Middle East 1914-1958''. Oxford University Press, 2006 p.17 was an Ottoman military commander and statesman. During the 31 March Incident in 1909, Shevket Pasha and the Committee of Union and Progress overthrew Abdul Hamid II after an anti-Constitutionalist uprising in Constantinople. He played the role of a military dictator, surpassing the power of the CUP and the Grand Viziers after the crisis, with many observers ascribing him the title "generalissimo". As War Minister he played a leading role in military reform and the incorporation of Air Squadrons. Shevket Pasha became Grand Vizier during the First Balkan War, in the aftermath of the CUP's 23 January 1913 coup d'état, resuming war with the Balkan League. He was assassinated 6 months later by partisans of the Freedom and Accord Party, as part of a larger counter-coup attempt against the CUP. Early life and career ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Triple Entente
The Triple Entente (from French meaning "friendship, understanding, agreement") describes the informal understanding between the Russian Empire, the French Third Republic, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. It was built upon the Franco-Russian Alliance of 1894, the Entente Cordiale of 1904 between France and Britain, and the Anglo-Russian Entente of 1907. It formed a powerful counterweight to the Triple Alliance of the German Empire, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and the Kingdom of Italy. The Triple Entente, unlike the Triple Alliance or the Franco-Russian Alliance itself, was not an alliance of mutual defence. The Franco-Japanese Treaty of 1907 was a key part of building a coalition as France took the lead in creating alliances with Japan, Russia, and (informally) with Britain. Japan wanted to raise a loan in Paris, so France made the loan contingent on a Russo-Japanese agreement and a Japanese guarantee for France's strategically vulnerable possessions i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Siege Of Adrianople (1913)
The siege of Adrianople was a 1913 siege by the Ottoman Empire of Adrianople (modern-day Edirne, Turkey), which was defended by Bulgaria during the Second Balkan War. The Ottoman Empire recaptured Edirne. History The Ottoman army under the command of Enver Pasha entered Adrianople on 22 July 1913. Edirne, Kırklareli and Dimetoka were taken back. The Bulgarians could not show much resistance as they were being attacked from every region, and Edirne (Adrianople) came under Turkish rule again. The Ottoman Empire won its last victory in the Balkans and did not lose a great deal of territory in Thrace until the First World War. Against the capture of the city by the Turkish forces on July 21, the re-inclusion of Edirne in the Ottoman lands became official only with the Treaty of Constantinople (1913) signed with the Kingdom of Bulgaria The Tsardom of Bulgaria (), also known as the Third Bulgarian Tsardom (), usually known in English as the Kingdom of Bulgaria, or simply Bulg ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Second Balkan War
The Second Balkan War was a conflict that broke out when Kingdom of Bulgaria, Bulgaria, dissatisfied with its share of the spoils of the First Balkan War, attacked its former allies, Kingdom of Serbia, Serbia and Kingdom of Greece, Greece, on 16 (Old Style, O.S.) / 29 (N.S.) June 1913. Serbian and Greek armies repulsed the Bulgarian offensive and counterattacked, entering Bulgaria. With Bulgaria also having previously engaged in territorial disputes with Kingdom of Romania, Romania and the bulk of Bulgarian forces engaged in the south, the prospect of an easy victory incited Romanian intervention against Bulgaria. The Ottoman Empire also took advantage of the situation to regain some lost territories from the previous war. When Romanian troops approached the capital Sofia, Bulgaria asked for an armistice, resulting in the Treaty of Bucharest (1913), Treaty of Bucharest, in which Bulgaria had to cede portions of its First Balkan War gains to Serbia, Greece and Romania. In the Trea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Djemal Pasha
Ahmed Djemal (; ; 6 May 1872 – 21 July 1922), also known as Djemal Pasha or Cemâl Pasha, was an Ottoman military leader and one of the Three Pashas that ruled the Ottoman Empire during World War I. As an officer of the II Corps, he was stationed in Salonica where he developed political sympathies for the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) reformers. He was initially praised by Christian missionaries and provided support to the Armenian victims of the Adana massacres. In the course of his army career Cemal developed a rivalry with Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, served in Salonica on the frontlines of the Balkan Wars and was given the martial law command of Constantinople after the Raid on the Sublime Porte. Cemal's authoritarian three year rule in Syria alienated the local population who opposed Turkish nationalism. His role in the Armenian genocide has been controversial as his policies were not as deadly as other CUP leaders; Cemal favored the forced assimilation of Armeni ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Three Pashas
The Three Pashas, also known as the Young Turk triumvirate or CUP triumvirate, consisted of Mehmed Talaat Pasha, the Grand Vizier (prime minister) and Minister of the Interior; Ismail Enver Pasha, the Minister of War and Commander-in-Chief to the Sultan; and Ahmed Djemal Pasha, the Minister of the Navy and governor-general of Syria, who effectively ruled the Ottoman Empire after the 1913 Ottoman coup d'état and the subsequent assassination of Mahmud Shevket Pasha. The Three Pashas, all members of the Central Committee of the Committee of Union and Progress, were largely responsible for the Empire's entry into World War I in 1914 on the side of the Central Powers and also largely responsible for the genocide of some one million Armenians. The Turkish public has widely criticised the Three Pashas for drawing the Ottoman Empire into World War I and its subsequent defeat. All three met violent deaths after the war— Talaat and Cemal were assassinated by the Armenian Revolutio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Grand Vizier Of The Ottoman Empire
The grand vizier of the Ottoman Empire ( or ''Sadr-ı Azam'' (''Sadrazam''); Ottoman Turkish language, Ottoman Turkish: or ) was the ''de facto'' prime minister of the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, sultan in the Ottoman Empire, with the absolute power of attorney and, in principle, removable only by the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, sultan himself in the classical period, before the Tanzimat Fermanı, Tanzimat reforms, or until the Second Constitutional Era, 1908 Revolution. He held the imperial seal and could summon all other viziers to attend to affairs of the state in the Imperial Council (Ottoman Empire), Imperial Council; the viziers in conference were called "''kubbe'' viziers" in reference to their meeting place, the ''Kubbealtı'' ('under-the-dome') in Topkapı Palace. His offices were located at the Sublime Porte. History During the emerging phases of the Ottoman state, "vizier" was the only title used. The first of these Ottoman viziers who was titled "grand vizier" was ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ministry Of War (Ottoman Empire)
The Ministry of War (; , often shortened to Harbiye) was responsible for war affairs in the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman land forces were subordinate to this ministry. Within the ministry there were offices for procurement, combat arms, peacetime military affairs, mobilization, and for promotions. After the Auspicious Incident in 1826, a modern War Ministry was established within the Serasker's department. The Ministry of War was established in 1908 after the Young Turk Revolution. The Ministry of War was responsible for carrying out the administrative acts of the army. The command mechanism, management and administration of the army were managed by the General Staff, under the Ministry of War. The Minister of War had to have the rank of pasha. The management of the Naval Forces was under the Ministry of Naval Affairs, which was established separately from the Ministry of War. After the start of the Turkish War of Independence, this ministry was replaced by the Ministry of Nat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1912 Ottoman Coup D'état
The 1912 Ottoman coup d'état (17 July 1912) was a coup by military memorandum in the Ottoman Empire against the Committee of Union and Progress by a group of military officers calling themselves the Saviour Officers () during the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire. The coup occurred in the context of increasing distrust in the CUP's political agenda, the fallout of the Italo-Turkish War, and rising political polarization. In late 1911, anti-CUP opposition consolidated into the Freedom and Accord Party, and both sides sought to abuse the constitution for their own gain. After the CUP's election victory in the 1912 election, widely deemed fraudulent, Freedom and Accord members recruited army officers serving in Albania to their cause in protest. They organized themselves into the Saviour Officers, which are often referred to as the military wing of the Freedom and Accord Party. By the summer of 1912, the pro-CUP Grand Vizier Said Pasha resigned under Savior Officer pressure, com ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1912 Ottoman General Election
Early general elections were held in the Ottoman Empire in April 1912. The ruling Committee of Union and Progress won 269 of the 275 seats in the Chamber of Deputies, whilst the opposition Freedom and Accord Party only won six seats, a victory widely deemed fraudulent and won through intimidation. The election became known as the "Election of Clubs" (Sopalı Seçimler) to history, when Rıza Tevfik (Bölükbaşı), who was running for office as an Accordist in Edirne, revealed how he was taken and beaten by Unionist thugs while campaigning in Komotini. Background The elections were announced in January 1912, making them the first early election in Turkish history. They were called after the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) lost a by-election to the new Freedom and Accord Party in Istanbul the month before, their candidate losing by a just 1 vote.Hasan Kayalı (1997Arabs and Young TurksUniversity of California Press The Freedom and Accord Party was a successor to the Lib ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
