|
1678 In Science
The year 1678 in science and technology involved some significant events. Astronomy * Edmund Halley publishes a catalogue of 341 southern stars—the first systematic southern sky survey. Physics * Christiaan Huygens publishes his '' Traité de la Lumière/Treatise on Light'', which states his principle of wavefront sources. * Robert Hooke publishes in full Hooke's law, the fundamental law of elasticity: stress (force) exerted is proportional to the strain (elongation) produced (''ut tensio, sic vis'' ("as the extension, so the force" or "the extension is proportional to the force")). Zoology * Publication of ''English Spiders'' by Martin Lister, the first book devoted to spiders. Births * April 14 – Abraham Darby I, ironmaster (died 1717) * July 16 – Jakob Hermann, mathematician (died 1733) * October 27 – Pierre Raymond de Montmort, mathematician (died 1719) * November 26 – Jean-Jacques d'Ortous de Mairan, geophysicist (died 1771) * December 2 – Nicolaas Kruik (Cr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1733 In Science
The year 1733 in science and technology involved some significant events. Physiology and medicine * Rev. Stephen Hales publishes ''Hæmastaticks'', the second volume of his ''Statical Essays'', in London, containing the results of his experiments in measuring blood pressure. Inventions * May 26 – The flying shuttle loom is patented by John Kay, making weaving faster and increasing demand for yarn. * The perambulator or pram (a baby carriage) is invented by English architect William Kent for children of the 3rd Duke of Devonshire. * The achromatic refracting lens is invented by English barrister Chester Moore Hall. Mathematics * Giovanni Gerolamo Saccheri studies what geometry would be like if the parallel postulate (Euclid's fifth) were false. * Abraham de Moivre introduces the normal distribution to approximate the binomial distribution in probability. Births * January 18 – Kaspar Friedrich Wolff, German surgeon and physiologist (died 1794) * February 19 – Daniel ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Willem Piso
Willem Piso (in Dutch Willem Pies, in Latin Gulielmus Piso, also called Guilherme Piso in Portuguese) (1611 in Leiden – 28 November 1678 in Amsterdam) was a Dutch physician and naturalist who participated as an expedition doctor in Dutch Brazil from 1637 – 1644, sponsored by count Johan Maurits van Nassau-Siegen and the Dutch West India Company. Piso became one of the founders of tropical medicine. Life and career Piso was born in Leiden to church organist Hermann Pies and Cornelia van Liesvelt. He studied in Leiden and received a degree in medicine from Caen in 1633 and settled in Amsterdam as a doctor. In 1637, he was offered a position in the Dutch West India Company as a physician to Count Johan Maurits van Nassau-Siegen (1604-1679), governor of Dutch Brazil. He left for Brazil along with the astronomer Georg Marcgrave and the painters Albert Eckhout and Frans Post. There, he recommended the consumption of fresh fish, vegetables, and fruits after discov ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1761 In Science
The year 1761 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below. Astronomy * June 6 – The first transit of Venus since Edmond Halley suggested that its observation could determine the distance from the Earth to the Sun. Joseph-Nicolas Delisle set up a 62-station network for observing the transit. Those taking part included: ** Nathaniel Bliss at the Royal Greenwich Observatory near London ** César-François Cassini de Thury, César Cassini de Thury in Vienna ** Jean-Baptiste Chappe d'Auteroche in Tobolsk, Siberia ** Jeremiah Dixon and Charles Mason in Cape Town, South Africa (they had originally planned to go to Bencoolen (city), Bengcoolen, Sumatra) ** Maximilian Hell in Vardø (town), Vardø, Norway ** Joseph de Lalande in Paris ** Tobias Mayer in Göttingen ** Nevil Maskelyne on Saint Helena ** Alexandre Pingré on Rodrigues (island), Rodrigues Island (where he makes the last record of the Rodrigues parrot) ** John Winthrop (educator), John Winthrop ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Physician
A physician, medical practitioner (British English), medical doctor, or simply doctor is a health professional who practices medicine, which is concerned with promoting, maintaining or restoring health through the Medical education, study, Medical diagnosis, diagnosis, prognosis and therapy, treatment of disease, injury, and other physical and mental impairments. Physicians may focus their practice on certain disease categories, types of patients, and methods of treatment—known as Specialty (medicine), specialities—or they may assume responsibility for the provision of continuing and comprehensive medical care to individuals, families, and communities—known as general practitioner, general practice. Medical practice properly requires both a detailed knowledge of the Discipline (academia), academic disciplines, such as anatomy and physiology, pathophysiology, underlying diseases, and their treatment, which is the science of medicine, and a decent Competence (human resources ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pierre Fauchard
Pierre Fauchard (; 2 January 1679 – 21 March 1761) was a French physician, credited as being the "father of modern dentistry". He is widely known for writing the first complete scientific description of dentistry, ''Le Chirurgien Dentiste'' (''"The Surgeon Dentist"''), published in 1728. The book described basic oral anatomy and function, signs and symptoms of oral pathology, operative methods for removing decay and restoring teeth, periodontal disease ( pyorrhea), orthodontics, replacement of missing teeth, and tooth transplantation. Biography Early years Fauchard was born in a modest home in Saint-Denis-de-Gastines in 2 January 1679. In 1693 he joined the French Royal Navy at the age of 14, much to his family's distress, and came under the influence of Alexander Poteleret, a surgeon major, who had spent considerable time studying diseases of the teeth and mouth. During that time, Fauchard learned that sailors who were on long voyages suffered severely from dental ailm ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1754 In Science
The year 1754 in science and technology involved some significant events. Astronomy * Immanuel Kant, German philosopher, postulates retardation of Earth's orbit. Chemistry * Joseph Black, Scottish chemist, discovers carbonic acid gas. Earth sciences * Albert Brahms, Frisian Dijkgraaf, begins publication of ''Anfangsgründe der Deich und Wasser-Baukunst'' ("Principles of Dike and Aquatic Engineering") advocating scientific recording of tides. Mathematics * Joshua Kirby publishes the pamphlet ''Dr. Brook Taylor's Method of Perspective made Easy both in Theory and Practice'' containing William Hogarth's '' Satire on False Perspective''. * Lagrange begins to work on the problem of tautochrone. Physics * Václav Prokop Diviš, Czech theologian and natural scientist in the fields of applied electricity, develops a weather-machine. The same year, an electrical conductor devised by him is installed at the Vienna General Hospital. Awards * Copley Medal: William Lewis Births * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Meteorologist
A meteorologist is a scientist who studies and works in the field of meteorology aiming to understand or predict Earth's atmosphere of Earth, atmospheric phenomena including the weather. Those who study meteorological phenomena are meteorologists in research, while those using mathematical models and knowledge to prepare daily weather forecasts are called ''weather forecasters'' or ''operational meteorologists''. Meteorologists work in Government agency, government agencies, private consulting and research services, industrial enterprises, utilities, radio and television stations, and in education. They are not to be confused with weather presenters, who present the weather forecast in the media and range in training from journalists having just minimal training in meteorology to full-fledged meteorologists. Description Meteorologists study the Earth's atmosphere and its interactions with the Earth's surface, the oceans and the biosphere. Their knowledge of applied mathematics and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cartographer
Cartography (; from , 'papyrus, sheet of paper, map'; and , 'write') is the study and practice of making and using maps. Combining science, aesthetics and technique, cartography builds on the premise that reality (or an imagined reality) can be modeled in ways that communicate spatial information effectively. The fundamental objectives of traditional cartography are to: * Set the map's agenda and select traits of the object to be mapped. This is the concern of map editing. Traits may be physical, such as roads or land masses, or may be abstract, such as toponyms or political boundaries. * Represent the terrain of the mapped object on flat media. This is the concern of map projections. * Eliminate the mapped object's characteristics that are irrelevant to the map's purpose. This is the concern of Cartographic generalization, generalization. * Reduce the complexity of the characteristics that will be mapped. This is also the concern of generalization. * Orchestrate the elements ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nicolaas Kruik
Nicolaas Samuelszoon Kruik (; 2 December 1678 West-Vlieland – 5 February 1754 Spaarndam), also known as Nicolaes Krukius, was a Dutch surveyor, cartographer, astronomer and weather observer. Cruquius took temperature measurements in Fahrenheit from 1706 to 1734. His historical calculations are still used today by the KNMI (institute), KNMI, the Dutch meteorological institute. He not only measured weather changes in wind speed, rainfall, air pressure, temperature, and humidity, but also measured sea level. His method of visualising planes of water level to illustrate contours of depth (isobaths) in his map of the Merwede (1730) was the first of its kind. He was an advocate of reclaiming the Haarlemmermeer, which was accomplished a century after his death and is commemorated by the Museum De Cruquius. Biography Though born in Vlieland, Cruquius moved to Delft in 1696. He became a surveyor at the age of 19, in 1697, and began to draw maps, a lucrative job in his day. In 1705 he s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1771 In Science
The year 1771 in science and technology involved some significant events. Astronomy * Lagrange discusses how numerous astronomical observations should be combined so as to give the most probable result. Chemistry * British apothecary Thomas Henry invents a process for preparing magnesium oxide. Exploration * August 17 – Edinburgh botanist James Robertson makes the first recorded ascent of Ben Nevis in Scotland. Mathematics * Lagrange publishes his second paper on the general process for solving an algebraic equation of any degree via ''Lagrange resolvents''; and proves Wilson's theorem that if ''n'' is a prime, then (''n'' − 1)! + 1 is always a multiple of ''n''. Medicine * Norfolk and Norwich Hospital founded in England. Events * March 15 – Society of Civil Engineers first meets (in London), the world's oldest engineering society. * December 16 – French chemist Antoine Lavoisier (28) marries Marie-Anne Pierrette Paulze, not yet 14 and daughter of his senior ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Geophysicist
Geophysics () is a subject of natural science concerned with the physical processes and properties of Earth and its surrounding space environment, and the use of quantitative methods for their analysis. Geophysicists conduct investigations across a wide range of scientific disciplines. The term ''geophysics'' classically refers to solid earth applications: Earth's shape; its gravitational, magnetic fields, and electromagnetic fields; its internal structure and composition; its dynamics and their surface expression in plate tectonics, the generation of magmas, volcanism and rock formation. However, modern geophysics organizations and pure scientists use a broader definition that includes the water cycle including snow and ice; fluid dynamics of the oceans and the atmosphere; electricity and magnetism in the ionosphere and magnetosphere and solar-terrestrial physics; and analogous problems associated with the Moon and other planets.Gutenberg, B., 1929, Lehrbuch der Geophysik ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
