A singular term is a paradigmatic referring device in a language. Singular terms are of philosophical importance for

philosophers of language A philosopher is a person who practices or investigates philosophy. The term ''philosopher'' comes from the grc, φιλόσοφος, , translit=philosophos, meaning 'lover of wisdom'. The coining of the term has been attributed to the Greek th ...

, because they ''refer'' to things in the world, and the ability of words to refer calls for scrutiny.

Overview

Singular terms are defined as expressions that purport to denote or designate particular individual people, places, or other objects. They contrast with ''general terms'' (such as "car" or "chair") which can apply to more than one thing. There are various kinds of singular terms:

proper name A proper noun is a noun that identifies a single entity and is used to refer to that entity (''Africa'', ''Jupiter'', ''Sarah'', ''Microsoft)'' as distinguished from a common noun, which is a noun that refers to a class of entities (''continent, ...

s (e.g. "Matthew"), definite descriptions (e.g. "the second fisherman in the boat"), singular

personal pronoun Personal pronouns are pronouns that are associated primarily with a particular grammatical person – first person (as ''I''), second person (as ''you''), or third person (as ''he'', ''she'', ''it'', ''they''). Personal pronouns may also take di ...

s (e.g. "she"),

demonstrative pronoun Demonstratives (abbreviated ) are words, such as ''this'' and ''that'', used to indicate which entities are being referred to and to distinguish those entities from others. They are typically deictic; their meaning depending on a particular frame ...

s (e.g. "this"), etc. Historically, various definitions for "singular term" have been offered: # A term that tells us which individual is being talked about. (

John Stuart Mill John Stuart Mill (20 May 1806 – 7 May 1873) was an English philosopher, political economist, Member of Parliament (MP) and civil servant. One of the most influential thinkers in the history of classical liberalism, he contributed widely to ...

Arthur Prior Arthur Norman Prior (4 December 1914 – 6 October 1969), usually cited as A. N. Prior, was a New Zealand–born logician and philosopher. Prior (1957) founded tense logic, now also known as temporal logic, and made important contribution ...

P. F. Strawson Peter Frederick Strawson (; 23 November 1919 – 13 February 2006) was an English philosopher. He was the Waynflete Professor of Metaphysical Philosophy at the University of Oxford ( Magdalen College) from 1968 to 1987. Before that, he ...

) # A term that is grammatically singular, i.e. a

(''proprium nomen''), a

(''pronomen demonstrativum'') or a demonstrative pronoun with a common name (''cum termino communi''). (

William of Ockham William of Ockham, OFM (; also Occam, from la, Gulielmus Occamus; 1287 – 10 April 1347) was an English Franciscan friar, scholastic philosopher, apologist, and Catholic theologian, who is believed to have been born in Ockham, a small vi ...

) # A term that is inherently ''about'' the object to which it applies or refers. (

Gottlob Frege Friedrich Ludwig Gottlob Frege (; ; 8 November 1848 – 26 July 1925) was a German philosopher, logician, and mathematician. He was a mathematics professor at the University of Jena, and is understood by many to be the father of analytic phil ...

) # A term that is true "in the same sense" of only one object. ( Peter of Spain)Peter of Spain 1947

References

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Works cited

*Frege, G. (1892) "On Sense and Reference", originally published as " Über Sinn und Bedeutung" in ''Zeitschrift für Philosophie und philosophische Kritik'', vol. 100, pp. 25–50. Transl. Geach & Black 56–78. *Mill, J. S., ''A System of Logic'', London 1908 (8th edition). * Peter of Spain ''Summulae Logicales'', ed. I. M. Bochenski (Turin, 1947) – also quoted in Prior 1976. *Prior, A. N. ''The Doctrine of Propositions & Terms'' London 1976. *Strawson, P. F. "On Referring", ''Mind'' 1950 pp. 320–44. *William of Ockham, '' Summa logicae'', Paris 1448, Bologna 1498, Venice 1508, Oxford 1675. Concepts in logic Grammar Names Semantics Philosophy of language