Zuikaku

''Zuikaku'' (Japanese: 瑞鶴 "Auspicious Crane") was the second and last built for the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) shortly before the beginning of the Pacific War. Her aircraft took part in the attack on Pearl Harbor that formally brought the United States into the war, and she fought in several of the most important naval battles of the war, before being sunk during the Battle of Leyte Gulf.Zuikaku @
www.history.navy.mil

''Zuikaku'' was one of six carriers to participate in the Pearl Harbor attack and was the last of the six to be sunk in the war ( Akagi, Kaga, Hiryu and Sōryū in the Battle of Midway, '' Shōkaku'' in the Battle of the Philippine Sea and ''Zuikaku'' in the Battle of Leyte Gulf.)

Service history

In 1941, ''Zuikaku'', under the command of Captain Yokokawa Ichibei, and her sister ship comprised Carrier Division 5. On 26 November 1941, she left Hitokappu Bay for the attack on Pearl Harbor as part of the ''Kido Butai'' ("Mobile Force"). Her aircraft complement consisted of 18 Mitsubishi A6M fighters, 27 Aichi D3A dive bombers, and 27 Nakajima B5N torpedo bombers. On 7 December, she launched two waves of aircraft against American military installations on the island of Oahu. In the first wave, 25 Val dive bombers attacked Wheeler Army Airfield and five Zero fighters attacked the airbase at Kaneohe. In the second wave, 27 high-level Kate bombers attacked the airbase at Hickam Field.

''Zuikaku''s aircraft also attacked the Australian bases at Rabaul on 20 January 1942 and Lae in New Guinea on 21 January. In April 1942, she took part in the Indian Ocean raid, striking the British naval bases at Colombo and Trincomalee on Ceylon, and sinking the Royal Navy aircraft carrier and the heavy cruisers and , also with the help of ''Shōkaku''.

Battle of the Coral Sea

In May 1942, she was assigned along with ''Shōkaku'' to support Operation Mo, the invasion of Port Moresby, New Guinea. Alerted by intercepted and decrypted Japanese naval messages, the Americans dispatched the carriers and to stop this operation. On 8 May 1942, during the Battle of the Coral Sea, the main carrier forces located one another and launched maximum-effort raids, which passed each other in the air. Hidden by a rain squall, ''Zuikaku'' escaped detection, but ''Shōkaku'' was hit three times by bombs and was unable to launch or recover her aircraft. In return, torpedo and dive bombers from both ships hit ''Lexington'', which was later scuttled by torpedoes from an escorting destroyer. ''Zuikaku'' was undamaged in the battle, but sustained severe losses in aircraft and aircrew. This required her to return to Japan with her sister ship for resupply and aircrew training, and neither carrier was able to take part in the Battle of Midway in June 1942, where every carrier that participated in the Pearl Harbor attack besides the two ''Shōkaku'' class ships were sunk by American carrier based aircraft.

Battle for Guadalcanal

In August 1942, commanded by Captain Tameteru Notomo, ''Zuikaku'' was dispatched as part of the First Carrier Division along with the repaired ''Shōkaku'' and the light carrier to oppose the American offensive in the Solomon Islands. On 24 August 1942, in the Battle of the Eastern Solomons, her aircraft severely damaged the carrier . She was based at Truk for the next few months.

On 26 October 1942, in the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands, her aircraft again damaged the repaired ''Enterprise'', and crippled (''Hornet'' was abandoned after a failed scuttling attempt and later sunk by Japanese destroyers). However, ''Shōkaku'' and ''Zuihō'' were both severely damaged by American air attacks, and ''Zuikaku'' had to recover their surviving aircraft in addition to her own. Of the 110 aircraft launched by the three Japanese carriers, only 67 returned to ''Zuikaku''. She then returned to the home islands via Truk for training and aircraft ferrying duties.

In February 1943, she covered the evacuation of Japanese ground forces from Guadalcanal. In May, she was assigned to a mission to counterattack the American offensive in the Aleutian Islands, but this operation was cancelled after the Allied victory on Attu on 29 May 1943. Later in 1943, under the command of Captain Kikuchi Tomozo, she was again based at Truk and operated against U.S. forces in the Marshall Islands.

Battle of the Philippine Sea

In 1944, she was based at Singapore. In June, she was assigned to Operation A-Go, an attempt to repulse the Allied invasion of the Mariana Islands. On 19 June, in the Battle of the Philippine Sea, and ''Shōkaku'' were both sunk by American submarines, leaving ''Zuikaku'', the only survivor of Carrier Division One, to recover the Division's few remaining aircraft. On 20 June, a bomb hit started a fire in the hangar, but ''Zuikaku''s experienced damage control teams managed to get it under control, and she was able to escape under her own power. After this battle, ''Zuikaku'' was the only survivor of the six fleet carriers that had launched the attack on Pearl Harbor.

Battle off Cape Engaño

In October 1944, she was the flagship of Admiral Jisaburo Ozawa's decoy Northern Force in Operation Shō-Gō 1, the Japanese counterattack to the Allied landings on Leyte. On 24 October, as part of the depleted (just 108 aircraft across four carriers) Third Carrier Division, she launched aircraft along with the light carriers , , and in an ineffective strike against the U.S. Third Fleet. Several of these aircraft were shot down, and the majority of the surviving aircraft did not return to the carriers, instead landing at Japanese land bases on Luzon. However, some of her aircraft made ''kamikaze'' attacks and helped sink the light carrier ; and most of the others were sent to other surviving carriers and air bases, to later sink the escort carrier during the Battle off Samar after again using the new ''kamikaze'' tactics.

The next day, during the Battle off Cape Engaño, she launched her few remaining aircraft for combat air patrol, search, or to join the aircraft already on Luzon. She then came under heavy air attack and was hit by seven torpedoes and nine bombs. With ''Zuikaku'' listing heavily to port, Ozawa shifted his flag to the light cruiser . The order to abandon ship was issued at 13:58 and the naval ensign was lowered. ''Zuikaku'' rolled over and sank stern-first at 14:14, taking the lives of Rear Admiral (promoted from captain 10 days earlier) Kaizuka Takeo and 842 of the ship's crew; 862 officers and men were rescued by the destroyers and . Before her loss, ''Zuikaku'' was the last surviving Japanese carrier to have attacked Pearl Harbor. She was also the only Japanese fleet carrier (as opposed to a light carrier) to have been sunk by aircraft-launched torpedoes, as all others were sunk by dive bombers or submarine-launched torpedoes.

Gallery

Image:Zuikaku at Hitokappu Bay 1941.jpg, Sailors winching up the anchor on the quarter-deck of ''Zuikaku'', 26 November 1941.
Image:Zuikaku flight deck.jpg, A Nakajima B5N2 "Kate" taking off from ''Zuikaku'' to attack Pearl Harbor, 7 December 1941.
Image:Zuikaku Cape Engano.jpg, ''Zuikaku'' during the Battle off Cape Engaño, 25 October 1944.
Image:Lowering the flag on Zuikaku.jpg, The crew of the sinking ''Zuikaku'' salute as the flag is lowered on 25 October 1944.

Notes

Bibliography

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External links

Tabular record of movement
fro
combinedfleet.com

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zuikaku
Shōkaku-class aircraft carriers
Ships built by Kawasaki Heavy Industries
1939 ships
World War II aircraft carriers of Japan
Attack on Pearl Harbor
World War II shipwrecks in the Philippine Sea
Aircraft carriers sunk by aircraft
Maritime incidents in October 1944
Ships sunk by US aircraft
Ships sunk by aircraft during the Battle of Leyte Gulf