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Zugdidi ( ka, ზუგდიდი; xmf, ზუგდიდი or ზუგიდი) is a city in the western
Georgian Georgian may refer to: Common meanings * Anything related to, or originating from Georgia (country) ** Georgians, an indigenous Caucasian ethnic group ** Georgian language, a Kartvelian language spoken by Georgians **Georgian scripts, three scrip ...
historical province of
Samegrelo Mingrelia ( ka, სამეგრელო, tr; xmf, სამარგალო, samargalo; ab, Агырны, Agirni) is a historic province in the western part of Georgia, formerly known as Odishi. It is primarily inhabited by the Mingrelians ...
(Mingrelia). It is situated in the north-west of that province. The city is located 318 kilometres west of
Tbilisi Tbilisi ( ; ka, თბილისი ), in some languages still known by its pre-1936 name Tiflis ( ), is the Capital city, capital and the List of cities and towns in Georgia (country), largest city of Georgia (country), Georgia, lying on the ...
, 30 km from the
Black Sea The Black Sea is a marginal mediterranean sea of the Atlantic Ocean lying between Europe and Asia, east of the Balkans, south of the East European Plain, west of the Caucasus, and north of Anatolia. It is bounded by Bulgaria, Georgia, Roma ...
coast and 30 km from the
Egrisi Range Egrisi Range ( ka, ეგრისის ქედი), also known as the Samegrelo Range (სამეგრელოს ქედი) or the Odishi Range (ოდიშის ქედი), is an east–west mountain range that runs parallel to t ...
, at an elevation of 100–110 metres above sea level. Zugdidi is the capital of the
Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti ( Georgian: სამეგრელო-ზემო სვანეთი) is a region (Mkhare) in western Georgia with a population of 308,358 (2021) and a surface of . The region has Zugdidi as its administrative center, ...
region, which combines
Samegrelo Mingrelia ( ka, სამეგრელო, tr; xmf, სამარგალო, samargalo; ab, Агырны, Agirni) is a historic province in the western part of Georgia, formerly known as Odishi. It is primarily inhabited by the Mingrelians ...
(Mingrelia) and upper part of
Svaneti Svaneti or Svanetia (Suania in ancient sources; ka, სვანეთი ) is a historic province in the northwestern part of Georgia (country), Georgia. It is inhabited by the Svans, an ethnic subgroup of Georgians. Geography Situated o ...
, and the center of the
Zugdidi Municipality Zugdidi ( ka, ზუგდიდის მუნიციპალიტეტი) is a Municipality of Georgia, in the region of Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti. Zugdidi Municipality is located in the central part of western Georgia (area - 692 sq.  ...
within. The city serves as a residence of Metropolitan of
Zugdidi and Tsaishi Eparchy The Eparchy of Zugdidi and Tsaishi ( ka, ზუგდიდისა და ცაიშის ეპარქია) is an eparchy (diocese) of the Georgian Orthodox Church with its seat in Zugdidi, Georgia. It has jurisdiction over Zugdidi and ...
of the Georgian Apostolic Autocephalous Orthodox Church.


Etymology

The name "Zugdidi" (ზუგდიდი) first appears in the 17th century. Literally it means "big hill" in the
Mingrelian language Mingrelian or Megrelian (, ) is a Kartvelian language spoken in Western Georgia (regions of Mingrelia and Abkhazia), primarily by the Mingrelians. The language was also called kolkhuri (Georgian ) in the early 20th century. Mingrelian has hist ...
(from , 'hill'; 'big'). An alternative version of the name recorded in old sources is "Zubdidi" (ზუბდიდი) with same meaning from Megrelian. Local Georgian (Megrelian) residents of the historical provinces of
Megrelia Mingrelia ( ka, სამეგრელო, tr; xmf, სამარგალო, samargalo; ab, Агырны, Agirni) is a historic province in the western part of Georgia, formerly known as Odishi. It is primarily inhabited by the Mingrelian ...
and
Abkhazia Abkhazia, ka, აფხაზეთი, tr, , xmf, აბჟუა, abzhua, or ( or ), officially the Republic of Abkhazia, is a partially recognised state in the South Caucasus, recognised by most countries as part of Georgia, which vi ...
also use "Zugidi" (ზუგიდი), which is a shortened form. The name was given to the town because of a hill situated in the eastern part of the city, where some small remains of an ancient fortress are still visible.


History

Historically Zugdidi was a capital of the
Principality of Mingrelia The Principality of Mingrelia ( ka, სამეგრელოს სამთავრო, tr), also known as Odishi and as Samegrelo, was a historical state in Georgia ruled by the Dadiani dynasty. History The principality emerged out of a ...
(
Odishi Odishi ( ka, ოდიში) was a historical district in western Georgia, the core fiefdom of the former Principality of Mingrelia, with which the name "Odishi" was frequently coterminous. Since the early 19th century, this toponym has been su ...
) until 1867, when the principality was abolished by the
Russian Empire The Russian Empire was an empire and the final period of the Russian monarchy from 1721 to 1917, ruling across large parts of Eurasia. It succeeded the Tsardom of Russia following the Treaty of Nystad, which ended the Great Northern War. ...
. After then Zugdidi was an administrative center of Zugdidi Uyezd as a part of the
Kutais Governorate The Kutaisi or Kutais Governorate was a province ('' guberniya'') of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire. It roughly corresponded to most of western Georgia throughout most of its existence, and most of the Artvin Province (except th ...
until 1918, when it became a part of the
Democratic Republic of Georgia The Democratic Republic of Georgia (DRG; ka, საქართველოს დემოკრატიული რესპუბლიკა ') was the first modern establishment of a republic of Georgia, which existed from May 1918 to ...
. From 1930 the center of the Zugdidi Raion of the
Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic The Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic (Georgian SSR; ka, საქართველოს საბჭოთა სოციალისტური რესპუბლიკა, tr; russian: Грузинская Советская Соц ...
and then Independent Georgia (from 1991). Between 17–19th centuries, Zugdidi was one of the important political and cultural center of Mingrelia and whole Georgia. A famous Georgian medieval epic poem
The Knight in the Panther's Skin ''The Knight in the Panther's Skin'' ( ka, ვეფხისტყაოსანი, tr literally "the one with the skin of a tiger") is a Georgian medieval epic poem, written in the 12th or 13th century by Georgia's national poet Shota Rustav ...
has been rewritten by
Mamuka Tavakalashvili Mamuka Tavakalashvili or Tavakarashvili ( ka, მამუკა თავაქალაშვილი) was a Georgian poet, painter and famous calligrapher of the 17th century at the court of the King of Imereti. He was captured in Principalit ...
here at the court of Prince
Levan II Dadiani Levan II Dadiani (also Leon; ka, ლევან ეონII დადიანი; 1597-1657) was a member of the House of Dadiani and ruler of the Principality of Mingrelia in western Georgia. Levan grew up in Kakheti under his grandfather ...
in 1646. During the
Crimean War The Crimean War, , was fought from October 1853 to February 1856 between Russia and an ultimately victorious alliance of the Ottoman Empire, France, the United Kingdom and Piedmont-Sardinia. Geopolitical causes of the war included the de ...
(1853–1856) Ottoman forces with
Omar Pasha Omer Pasha, also known as Omer Pasha Latas ( tr, Ömer Lütfi Paşa, sr, Омер-паша Латас, Omer-paša Latas; 24 September 1806 – 18 April 1871) was an Ottoman field marshal and governor. Born in Austrian territory to Serbian Or ...
seized Zugdidi in 1855. At the end of the 1855 and beginning of 1856 city was liberated by Mingrelian Militia commanded by Major General Prince
Grigol Dadiani Grigol Dadiani ( ka, გრიგოლ დადიანი; 1770 – 23 October 1804), of the House of Dadiani, was Prince of Mingrelia from 1788 to 1804, with intermissions from 1791 to 1794 and in 1802 when his position was filled by his riva ...
. By the order of Iskender Pasha Ottomans plundered, burnt and destroyed the whole city, especially palaces and botanical garden. During the
Russian Empire The Russian Empire was an empire and the final period of the Russian monarchy from 1721 to 1917, ruling across large parts of Eurasia. It succeeded the Tsardom of Russia following the Treaty of Nystad, which ended the Great Northern War. ...
, the city was the administrative center of the
Zugdidi Uyezd The Zugdidi uezd was a county (''uezd'') of the Kutaisi Governorate of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire. It bordered the Sukhumi Okrug to the north, the Lechkhumi uezd to the east, the Senaki uezd to the south, and the Black Sea t ...
of the
Kutaisi Governorate The Kutaisi or Kutais Governorate was a province ('' guberniya'') of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire. It roughly corresponded to most of western Georgia throughout most of its existence, and most of the Artvin Province (except th ...
. Many buildings were heavily damaged during the
Georgian Civil War The Georgian Civil War lasted from 1991 to 1993 in the South Caucasian country of Georgia. It consisted of inter-ethnic and international conflicts in the regions of South Ossetia and Abkhazia, as well as the violent military ''coup d'état'' ...
1992–1993 as well. In 1993, there were located administration of the first President of Georgia
Zviad Gamsakhurdia Zviad Konstantines dze Gamsakhurdia ( ka, ზვიად გამსახურდია, tr; russian: Звиа́д Константи́нович Гамсаху́рдия, Zviad Konstantinovich Gamsakhurdiya; 31 March 1939 – 31 December 1 ...
and the
Supreme Council of the Republic of Georgia The Supreme Council of the Republic of Georgia ( ka, საქართველოს რესპუბლიკის უზენაესი საბჭო, ''sakartvelos respublikis uzenaesi sabcho'') was the highest unicameral legislative bo ...
as well.


Architecture and landmarks


Dadiani Palace

Dadiani Palace Dadiani Palaces History and Architectural Museum ( ka, დადიანების სასახლეთა ისტორიულ-არქიტექტურული მუზეუმი) is a Georgian national museum located in Zugd ...
, built in the 19th century, was home to the final ruling family of the Principality of Samegrelo. The complex includes the palace of
Ekaterine Dadiani Ekateriné Dadiani, Princess of Mingrelia ( ka, ეკატერინე დადიანი; ''née'' Chavchavadze; March 19, 1816August 13, 1882) of the House of Dadiani, was a prominent 19th-century Georgian aristocrat and the last ruling ...
of Samegrelo; a residence for her son,
Niko Dadiani Nikoloz "Niko" Dadiani ( ka, ნიკოლოზ "ნიკო" დადიანი), or Nikolay Davidovich Dadian-Mingrelsky (russian: Николай Давидович Дадиан-Мингрельский; 4 January 1847 – 23 January 190 ...
; a monastery; and what is now the
Zugdidi Botanical Garden Zugdidi Botanical Garden ( ka, ზუგდიდის ბოტანიკური ბაღი), Zugdidi branch of Central Botanical Garden administered by the Georgian Academy of Sciences; was built in the late 19th century by the prince o ...
. Today, the palace operates as a museum and is open to visitors. It underwent renovations from 2015 to 2018.


Botanical Garden

Zugdidi Botanical Garden was established in the 19th century by the Prince of Mingrelia
David Dadiani David Dadiani ( ka, დავით დადიანი; 23 January 1813 – 30 August 1853), of the House of Dadiani, was Prince of Mingrelia, in western Georgia, from 1846 until his death in 1853. A son of Levan V Dadiani, he became ''de fact ...
and Queen Ekaterine, near the residential palaces. Currently, the garden is a branch of Tbilisi Central Botanical Garden and is administered by the
Georgian Academy of Sciences The Georgian National Academy of Sciences (GNAS) ( ka, საქართველოს მეცნიერებათა ეროვნული აკადემია, tr) is a main learned society of the Georgia. It was named Georgian S ...
. The garden covers 26 hectares.


Shalva Dadiani Zugdidi State Academic Drama Theater

This theater's first performance,
Molière Jean-Baptiste Poquelin (, ; 15 January 1622 (baptised) – 17 February 1673), known by his stage name Molière (, , ), was a French playwright, actor, and poet, widely regarded as one of the greatest writers in the French language and world ...
's
Le médecin malgré lui ''Le Médecin malgré lui'' (; "The doctor/physician in spite of himself") is a farce by Molière first presented in 1666 (published as a manuscript in early 1667) at le théâtre du Palais-Royal by la Troupe du Roi. The play is one of sever ...
(''The Doctor Despite Himself''), was staged on 11 April 1869 by
Anton Purtseladze Anton may refer to: People *Anton (given name), including a list of people with the given name *Anton (surname) Places *Anton Municipality, Bulgaria **Anton, Sofia Province, a village *Antón District, Panama **Antón, a town and capital of th ...
. The Drama Theater was founded in 1932. in 1959 the theater was named after the famous Georgian novelist and theatrical actor
Shalva Dadiani Shalva Dadiani ( ka, შალვა დადიანი; May 21, 1874 – March 15, 1959) was a Georgian novelist, playwright, and actor. Born in Zestaponi, western Georgia (then Kutais Governorate of Russian Empire), into the family of a writ ...
(1874–1959).


Other landmarks

* Chakvinji fortress * Tsaishi cathedral


Climate

Zugdidi has a
humid subtropical climate A humid subtropical climate is a zone of climate characterized by hot and humid summers, and cool to mild winters. These climates normally lie on the southeast side of all continents (except Antarctica), generally between latitudes 25° and 40° ...
(Cfa) under the
Köppen climate classification The Köppen climate classification is one of the most widely used climate classification systems. It was first published by German-Russian climatologist Wladimir Köppen (1846–1940) in 1884, with several later modifications by Köppen, notabl ...
.


Demography and population

Historically Zugdidi is known as a distinctly mono-ethnic city with a vast majority of Georgians. By the 2002 state census 98.97% (166,039) of its total population (167,760) were ethnic Georgians (for both city and municipality). In the second half of the 1850s, due to the short Ottoman occupation, the town population decreased from 2000 to 800. The 1950s-1970s were an important period for Zugdidi's development, which affected the growth of population, while the last 20-year growth was mainly caused by refugee displacement. After the Russian-Georgian war in Abkhazia (1992-1993) a large number of internally displaced peoples from
Abkhazia Abkhazia, ka, აფხაზეთი, tr, , xmf, აბჟუა, abzhua, or ( or ), officially the Republic of Abkhazia, is a partially recognised state in the South Caucasus, recognised by most countries as part of Georgia, which vi ...
were forced to move to Zugdidi. As a result of this, according to the 2002 state census, Zugdidi became the fifth most populous city in Georgia, ahead of
Sokhumi Sukhumi (russian: Суху́м(и), ) or Sokhumi ( ka, სოხუმი, ), also known by its Abkhaz name Aqwa ( ab, Аҟәа, ''Aqwa''), is a city in a wide bay on the Black Sea's eastern coast. It is both the capital and largest city of ...
,
Poti Poti ( ka, ფოთი ; Mingrelian: ფუთი; Laz: ჶაში/Faşi or ფაში/Paşi) is a port city in Georgia, located on the eastern Black Sea coast in the region of Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti in the west of the country. Built near t ...
, and Gori. As of the 2014 national census, the population of Zugdidi decreased to 42,998 inhabitants, making it Georgia's sixth most populous city after Gori. Historic population of Zugdidi:


Education

Zugdidi is a regional center of education. Institutes of
higher education Higher education is tertiary education leading to award of an academic degree. Higher education, also called post-secondary education, third-level or tertiary education, is an optional final stage of formal learning that occurs after completi ...
are: *Shota Meskhia State Teaching University – the main institution of higher education founded in 2007 on the basis of Zugdidi Branch of
Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University ( ka, ივანე ჯავახიშვილის სახელობის თბილისის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტი ''Ivane Javaxishvi ...
, Zugdidi Professional Lyceum and
Senaki Senaki ( ka, სენაკი; xmf, სანაკი) is a town in Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti region, western Georgia. It is located at around between the rivers Tekhura/i and Tsivi, at an elevation of 28–38 meters above sea level. Senaki is ...
Agro-economic College. The university has three faculties of Humanitarian, Business Administration and Law and Health. *Zugdidi Teaching University European Academy, founded in 1991 Besides this Zugdidi has 13 public and 3 private schools, as well as kindergartens. *Alexander Gurtskaya Gymnasium – GG – one more place of interest and unique educational space. Was founded in 2011, on the basis of Presidential Decree instead of former Public School No.7. Today, GG is an innovative educational environment where each individual has a wide selection, capability and motivation of intellectual, physical and spiritual development and wonderful opportunities for achieving success in the global competitive society. The Gymnasium welcomes its students and guests with its unique, original facade, which is made as randomly-spaced books on the shelves. Library tradition in Zugdidi dates back to the reign of Prince (Mtavari)
David Dadiani David Dadiani ( ka, დავით დადიანი; 23 January 1813 – 30 August 1853), of the House of Dadiani, was Prince of Mingrelia, in western Georgia, from 1846 until his death in 1853. A son of Levan V Dadiani, he became ''de fact ...
(1812–1853) of Mingrelia, who collected a large number of handwritten and printed books. The first public library in Zugdidi was established in 1887. After this, in 1899 new reading-room was rearranged, which turned into library in 1912 with its own building. Currently, the library is called Zugdidi City Municipal Library.


Annual events


Vlakernoba

The main annual event in Zugdidi is Vlakernoba ( ka, ვლაქერნობა - The day of the Blachernae's Virgin Mary) - an
Orthodox Christian Orthodoxy (from Greek: ) is adherence to correct or accepted creeds, especially in religion. Orthodoxy within Christianity refers to acceptance of the doctrines defined by various creeds and ecumenical councils in Antiquity, but different Churche ...
feast celebrated every year, on July 15. On this day, the robe of the Blessed Virgin Mary is taken from the Tower of Virgin of the Queen Palace (now a museum), where it is kept, to the Cathedral of the Blachernae Icon of the Mother of God. During the feast thousands of the faithful from all over the world are able to venerate the holy relic upon the conclusion of the Divine Liturgy. From 2012, during the event, the holy robe was carried into the new cathedral of Iberian Theotokos. Vlakernoba is celebrated since the 1990s.


Zugdidoba

Zugdidoba ( ka, ზუგდიდობა - the day of Zugdidi) is a newly reestablished public festival, featuring various cultural, sport and educational events in Zugdidi, mostly in October. The festival is managed both by Zugdidi Municipal City Hall and Zugdidi Municipality Government.


Sports

The main
association football Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a team sport played between two teams of 11 players who primarily use their feet to propel the ball around a rectangular field called a pitch. The objective of the game is ...
team in the city is
FC Dinamo Zugdidi FC Dinamo Zugdidi is a Georgian football club based in Zugdidi. Their club competeted in Liga 3 from 2023 after didn't play all matches in Erovnuli Liga 2 later automatically relegation. History * 1918–??: ''Odishi Zugdidi'' ( ka, ოდიშ ...
founded in 1919. Other, amateur, football clubs are
FC Mglebi Zugdidi FC Mglebi Zugdidi is a Georgian football club based in Zugdidi. They play in the Umaglesi Liga, the top division in Georgian football. In July 2006, FC Mglebi Zugdidi and FC Zugdidi merged. Seasons : See also * FC Dinamo Zugdidi *FC Zugdidi F ...
and
FC Odishi 1919 FC Odishi 1919 is a Georgian association football club based in Zugdidi, the administrative centre of Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti. Being a municipal club, they currently take part in Liga 4, the forth tier of Georgian league system. History On 20 ...
. American Football Club "Western bad boys"


Notable people

*
Niko I Dadiani Nikoloz "Niko" Dadiani ( ka, ნიკოლოზ "ნიკო" დადიანი), or Nikolay Davidovich Dadian-Mingrelsky (russian: Николай Давидович Дадиан-Мингрельский; 4 January 1847 – 23 January 190 ...
(1847–1903), Prince of Mingrelia *
Salome Dadiani Princess Salomé Dadiani ( ka, სალომე დადიანი; 13 October 1848 – 23 July 1913) was a Georgian princess, the only sister of Niko Dadiani, the last Prince of Megrelia. Early life Salomé was born on 13 October 1848. Sh ...
(1848–1913), Georgian princess, the only sister of Niko Dadiani *
Andria Dadiani Prince Andria Dadiani ( ka, ანდრია დადიანი; 1850–1910), known in Russia as Andrey Davidovich Dadian-Mingrelsky (russian: Андрей Давидович Дадиани), was a Georgian nobleman and a chess player. ...
(1850–1910), Georgian nobleman and a chess player *
Otar Patsatsia Otar Patsatsia ( ka, ოთარ ფაცაცია; 15 May 1929 – 9 December 2021) was a Georgian politician who served as the country's Prime Minister from 20 August 1993 to 5 October 1995. A former Communist bureaucrat and enterprise ...
(1929–2021), 3rd
Prime Minister of Georgia The prime minister of Georgia ( ka, საქართველოს პრემიერ-მინისტრი, tr) is the head of government and chief executive of Georgia. In Georgia, the president is a ceremonial head of state and mai ...
(1993–1995) *
Nona Gaprindashvili Nona Gaprindashvili ( ka, ნონა გაფრინდაშვილი; born 3 May 1941) is a former Soviet Union, Soviet and Georgia (country), Georgian chess player, and the first woman ever to be awarded the FIDE title Grandmaster (ch ...
(1941–), chess player, the sixth
women's world chess champion The Women's World Chess Championship (WWCC) is played to determine the world champion in women's chess. Like the World Chess Championship, it is administered by FIDE. Unlike with most sports recognized by the International Olympic Committee, wh ...
(1962–1978), first female Grandmaster *
Otar Gabelia Otar Gabelia ( ka, ოთარ ამბროსის ძე გაბელია; born 24 March 1953) is a Georgian football manager and a former player. He was a long-time goalkeeper for Dinamo Tbilisi. Winner of the Best Soviet Goalkeeper ...
(1953–), retired football player, goalkeeper of
FC Dinamo Tbilisi FC Dinamo Tbilisi ( ka, დინამო თბილისი, ) is a Georgian professional football club based in Tbilisi, Georgia, that competes in the Erovnuli Liga, the top flight of Georgian football. Dinamo Tbilisi was one of the mo ...
and
Soviet Union national football team The Soviet Union national football team ( rus, сбо́рная СССР по футбо́лу, r=sbórnaya SSSR po futbólu) was the national Association football, football team of the former Soviet Union. After the Dissolution of the Soviet U ...
*
Davit Narmania Davit Narmania ( ka, დავით ნარმანია; born 7 March 1979) is a Georgian politician and the former Mayor of Tbilisi, the capital of Georgia, from 2014 to 2017. An economist with academic background, he was Minister of Regio ...
(1979–), former Mayor of Tbilisi, the capital of Georgia *
Bacho Akhalaia Bachana "Bacho" Akhalaia ( ka, ბაჩანა "ბაჩო" ახალაია; born October 24, 1980, in Zugdidi) is a Georgian politician who was Minister of Internal Affairs of Georgia from July 4, 2012, to September 20, 2012. He had pr ...
(1980–), politician who was Minister of Internal Affairs of Georgia *
Davit Kiria Davit Kiria ( ka, დავით ქირია) (born February 9, 1988), also spelled as David Kyria, is a Georgian kickboxer who competes in the Featherweight and Lightweight divisions of ONE Championship. Also an Ashihara karate stylist, ...
(1988–), Georgian kickboxer who competes in the Lightweight division * Ika Meporia (1989–), professional footballer


See also

*
Zugdidi Municipality Zugdidi ( ka, ზუგდიდის მუნიციპალიტეტი) is a Municipality of Georgia, in the region of Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti. Zugdidi Municipality is located in the central part of western Georgia (area - 692 sq.  ...
* Dadiani Palaces History and Architectural Museum *
Zugdidi Botanical Garden Zugdidi Botanical Garden ( ka, ზუგდიდის ბოტანიკური ბაღი), Zugdidi branch of Central Botanical Garden administered by the Georgian Academy of Sciences; was built in the late 19th century by the prince o ...
*
Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti ( Georgian: სამეგრელო-ზემო სვანეთი) is a region (Mkhare) in western Georgia with a population of 308,358 (2021) and a surface of . The region has Zugdidi as its administrative center, ...


References


External links

*
Website of Zugdidi Municipal City HallWebsite of City Council of Zugdidi Municipality
{{Authority control Cities and towns in Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti Kutaisi Governorate Mingrelia