Zionism
Zionism (Hebrew: צִיּוֹנוּת Tsiyyonut Hebrew
pronunciation: [t͡sijo̞ˈnut] after Zion) is the national
movement of the
Jewish people
Jewish people that supports the re-establishment of a
Jewish homeland in the territory defined as the historic Land of
Israel
Israel (roughly corresponding to Canaan, the Holy Land, or the region
of Palestine).[1][2][3][4] Modern
Zionism
Zionism emerged in the late 19th
century in Central and
Eastern Europe
Eastern Europe as a national revival movement,
both in reaction to newer waves of antisemitism and as an imitative
response to other exclusionary nationalist movements.[5][6][7] Soon
after this, most leaders of the movement associated the main goal with
creating the desired state in Palestine, then an area controlled by
the Ottoman Empire.[8][9][10]
Until 1948, the primary goals of
Zionism
Zionism were the re-establishment of
Jewish sovereignty in the Land of Israel, ingathering of the exiles,
and liberation of
Jews
.jpg/440px-A_map_of_Canaan_(8343807206).jpg)
Jews from the antisemitic discrimination and
persecution that they experienced during their diaspora. Since the
establishment of the State of
Israel
Israel in 1948,
Zionism
Zionism continues
primarily to advocate on behalf of
Israel
Israel and to address threats to
its continued existence and security.
A religious variety of
Zionism
Zionism supports
Jews
Jews upholding their Jewish
identity defined as adherence to religious Judaism, opposes the
assimilation of
Jews
Jews into other societies, and has advocated the
return of
Jews
Jews to
Israel
Israel as a means for
Jews
Jews to be a majority nation
in their own state.[1] A variety of Zionism, called cultural Zionism,
founded and represented most prominently by Ahad Ha'am, fostered a
secular vision of a Jewish "spiritual center" in Israel. Unlike Herzl,
the founder of political Zionism,
Ahad Ha'am
Ahad Ha'am strived for
Israel
Israel to be
"a
Jewish state and not merely a state of Jews".[11]
Advocates of
Zionism
Zionism view it as a national liberation movement for the
repatriation of a persecuted people residing as minorities in a
variety of nations to their ancestral homeland.[12][13][14] Critics of
Zionism
Zionism view it as a colonialist,[15] racist[16] and
exceptionalist[17] ideology that led advocates to violence during
Mandatory Palestine, followed by the exodus of Palestinians, and the
subsequent denial of their right to return to property lost during the
1948 war.[18][19][20][21]
Contents
1 Terminology
2 Overview
3 Beliefs
4 History
4.1 Territories considered
4.2
Balfour Declaration
Balfour Declaration and the Palestine Mandate
4.3 Rise of Hitler
4.4 Post-WWII
5 Types
5.1 Labour Zionism
5.2 Liberal Zionism
5.3 Revisionist Zionism
5.4 Religious Zionism
5.5 Green Zionism
5.6 Post-Zionism
6 Non-Jewish support
6.1 Christian Zionism
6.2 Muslim Zionism
6.3 Hindu support for Zionism
7 Anti-Zionism
7.1
Catholic Church
Catholic Church and Zionism
7.2 Characterization as colonialism or ethnic cleansing
7.3 Characterization as racist
7.4 Haredi
Judaism
Judaism and Zionism
7.5
Anti-Zionism
Anti-Zionism or Antisemitism
8
Marcus Garvey
Marcus Garvey and Black Zionism
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
Terminology
The term "Zionism" is derived from the word
Zion
Zion (Hebrew: ציון
,Tzi-yon), referring to Jerusalem. Throughout eastern
Europe
.svg/400px-Eurasia_(orthographic_projection).svg.png)
Europe in the
late 19th century, numerous grassroots groups were promoting the
national resettlement of the
Jews
Jews in their homeland, as well as the
revitalization and cultivation of the Hebrew language. These groups
were collectively called the "Lovers of Zion" and were seen to
encounter a growing Jewish movement toward assimilation. The first use
of the term is attributed to the Austrian Nathan Birnbaum, founder of
a nationalist Jewish students' movement Kadimah; he used the term in
1890 in his journal Selbstemanzipation (Self Emancipation).[22]
Overview
Main article: Types of Zionism
The modern state of Israel, the end goal of the Zionist movement.
The common denominator among all Zionists is the claim to Eretz Israel
as the national homeland of the
Jews
Jews and as the legitimate focus for
Jewish national self-determination.[23] It is based on historical ties
and religious traditions linking the
Jewish people
Jewish people to the Land of
Israel.[24]
Zionism
Zionism does not have a uniform ideology, but has evolved
in a dialogue among a plethora of ideologies: General Zionism,
Religious Zionism, Labor Zionism, Revisionist Zionism, Green Zionism,
etc.
After almost two millennia of the
Jewish diaspora
Jewish diaspora residing in various
countries without a national state, the Zionist movement was founded
in the late 19th century by secular Jews, largely as a response by
Ashkenazi
Jews
Jews to rising antisemitism in Europe, exemplified by the
Dreyfus affair
Dreyfus affair in
France
France and the anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian
Empire.[25] The political movement was formally established by the
Austro-Hungarian journalist
Theodor Herzl
Theodor Herzl in 1897 following the
publication of his book
Der Judenstaat
Der Judenstaat (The Jewish State).[26] At that
time, the movement sought to encourage Jewish migration to Ottoman
Palestine.
"I believe that a wondrous generation of
Jews
Jews will spring into
existence. The Maccabeans will rise again. Let me repeat once more my
opening words: The
Jews
Jews who wish for a State will have it. We shall
live at last as free men on our own soil, and die peacefully in our
own homes. The world will be freed by our liberty, enriched by our
wealth, magnified by our greatness. And whatever we attempt there to
accomplish for our own welfare, will react powerfully and beneficially
for the good of humanity."
Theodore Herzl, concluding words of The Jewish State, 1896[27]
Although initially one of several
Jewish political movements
Jewish political movements offering
alternative responses to assimilation and antisemitism, Zionism
expanded rapidly. In its early stages, supporters considered setting
up a
Jewish state in the historic territory of Palestine. After World
War II and the destruction of Jewish life in Central and Eastern
Europe
Europe where these alternative movements were rooted, it became
dominant in the thinking about a Jewish national state.
Creating an alliance with Great Britain and securing support for some
years for Jewish emigration to Palestine, Zionists also recruited
European
Jews
Jews to immigrate there, especially
Jews
Jews who lived in areas
of the
Russian Empire
Russian Empire where anti-semitism was raging. The alliance
with Britain was strained as the latter realized the implications of
the Jewish movement for Arabs in Palestine, but the Zionists
persisted. The movement was eventually successful in establishing
Israel
Israel on May 14, 1948 (5 Iyyar 5708 in the Hebrew calendar), as the
homeland for the Jewish people. The proportion of the world's Jews
living in
Israel
Israel has steadily grown since the movement emerged. By the
early 21st century, more than 40% of the world's
Jews
Jews lived in Israel,
more than in any other country. These two outcomes represent the
historical success of Zionism, and are unmatched by any other Jewish
political movement in the past 2,000 years. In some academic studies,
Zionism
Zionism has been analyzed both within the larger context of diaspora
politics and as an example of modern national liberation
movements.[28]
Zionism
Zionism also sought assimilation of
Jews
Jews into the modern world. As a
result of the diaspora, many of the
Jewish people
Jewish people remained outsiders
within their adopted countries and became detached from modern ideas.
So-called "assimilationist"
Jews
Jews desired complete integration into
European society. They were willing to downplay their Jewish identity
and in some cases to abandon traditional views and opinions in an
attempt at modernization and assimilation into the modern world. A
less extreme form of assimilation was called cultural synthesis. Those
in favor of cultural synthesis desired continuity and only moderate
evolution, and were concerned that
Jews
Jews should not lose their identity
as a people. "Cultural synthesists" emphasized both a need to maintain
traditional Jewish values and faith, and a need to conform to a
modernist society, for instance, in complying with work days and
rules.[29]
In 1975, the
United Nations General Assembly
United Nations General Assembly passed Resolution 3379,
which designated
Zionism
Zionism as "a form of racism and racial
discrimination". The resolution was repealed in 1991 by replacing
Resolution 3379
Resolution 3379 with Resolution 46/86. Opposition to
Zionism
Zionism in
principle has also sometimes been called racist and has been
characterized as fostering the segregation of peoples that should seek
peaceful coexistence.[30][31]
Beliefs
Main articles: Return to Zion, Sabra (person), Aliyah, Racial
antisemitism, New antisemitism, Religious antisemitism, and Revival of
the Hebrew language
See also: Yiddish, Ladino language, and Hebraization of surnames
Zionism
Zionism was established with the political goal of creating a Jewish
state in order to create a nation where
Jews
Jews could be the majority,
rather than the minority which they were in a variety of nations in
the diaspora. Theodor Herzl, the ideological father of Zionism,
considered
Antisemitism
Antisemitism to be an eternal feature of all societies in
which
Jews
Jews lived as minorities, and that only a separation could allow
Jews
Jews to escape eternal persecution. "Let them give us sovereignty over
a piece of the Earth's surface, just sufficient for the needs of our
people, then we will do the rest!" he proclaimed exposing his
plan.[32] :p.27 (29)
Herzl proposed two possible destinations to colonize,
Argentina
Argentina and
Palestine. He preferred
Argentina
Argentina for its vast and sparsely populated
territory and temperate climate, but conceded that Palestine would
have greater attraction because of the historic ties of
Jews
Jews with that
area.[32] He also accepted to evaluate Joseph Chamberlain's proposal
for possible Jewish settlement in Great Britain's East African
colonies.[33]:pp.55–56
Aliyah
Aliyah (migration, literally "ascent") to the Land of
Israel
Israel is a
recurring theme in Jewish prayers. Rejection of life in the Diaspora
is a central assumption in Zionism.[34] Supporters of
Zionism
Zionism believed
that
Jews
Jews in the Diaspora were prevented from their full growth in
Jewish individual and national life.[citation needed]
Zionists generally preferred to speak Hebrew, a
Semitic language
Semitic language that
developed under conditions of freedom in ancient Judah, and worked to
modernize and adapt it for everyday use. Zionists sometimes refused to
speak Yiddish, a language they thought had developed in the context of
European persecution. Once they moved to Israel, many Zionists refused
to speak their (diasporic) mother tongues and adopted new, Hebrew
names. Hebrew was preferred not only for ideological reasons, but also
because it allowed all citizens of the new state to have a common
language, thus furthering the political and cultural bonds among
Zionists.[citation needed]
Major aspects of the Zionist idea are represented in the Israeli
Declaration of Independence:
The Land of
Israel
Israel was the birthplace of the Jewish people. Here their
spiritual, religious and political identity was shaped. Here they
first attained to statehood, created cultural values of national and
universal significance and gave to the world the eternal
Book
Book of
Books.
After being forcibly exiled from their land, the people kept faith
with it throughout their Dispersion and never ceased to pray and hope
for their return to it and for the restoration in it of their
political freedom.
Impelled by this historic and traditional attachment,
Jews
Jews strove in
every successive generation to re-establish themselves in their
ancient homeland. In recent decades they returned in their masses.[35]
History
Main articles: History of Zionism, Proto-Zionism, and History of
Israel
Population of Palestine by ethno-religious groups[36]
Year
Muslims
Jews
Christians
Others
Total
1922
486,177 (74.91%)
83,790 (12.91%)
71,464 (11.01%)
7,617 (1.17%)
649,048
1931
493,147 (64.32%)
174,606 (22.77%)
88,907 (11.60%)
10,101 (1.32%)
766,761
1941
906,551 (59.68%)
474,102 (31.21%)
125,413 (8.26%)
12,881 (0.85%)
1,518,947
1946
1,076,783 (58.34%)
608,225 (32.96%)
145,063 (7.86%)
15,488 (0.84%)
1,845,559
The delegates at the First Zionist Congress, held in Basel,
Switzerland (1897)
Lord Shaftesbury's "Memorandum to Protestant Monarchs of
Europe
Europe for
the restoration of the
Jews
Jews to Palestine", published in the Colonial
Times, in 1841
Since the first centuries of the CE, most
Jews
Jews have lived outside the
Land of
Israel
Israel (Eretz Israel, better known as Palestine), although
there has been a constant minority presence of Jews. According to
Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, Eretz
Israel
Israel is a land promised to
the
Jews
Jews by God according to the Hebrew and Greek Bibles and the
Quran, respectively.[37][38] The Diaspora began in 586 BCE during the
Babylonian occupation of Israel. The Babylonians destroyed the First
Temple, which was central to
Jewish culture
Jewish culture at the time. After the 1st
century Great Revolt and the 2nd century Bar Kokhba revolt, the Roman
Empire expelled the
Jews
Jews from Judea, changing the name to Syria
Palaestina. The
Bar Kokhba revolt
Bar Kokhba revolt caused a spike in anti-Semitism and
Jewish persecution. The ensuing exile from
Judea
Judea greatly increased the
percent of
Jews
Jews who were dispersed throughout the Diaspora instead of
living in their original home.[citation needed]
Zion
Zion is a hill near
Jerusalem
Jerusalem (now in the city), widely symbolizing
the Land of Israel.[39]
In the middle of the 16th century, Joseph Nasi, with the support of
the Ottoman Empire, tried to gather the Portuguese Jews, first to
migrate to Cyprus, then owned by the Republic of Venice, and later to
resettle in Tiberias. Nasi – who never converted to
Islam[40][41][notes 1] – eventually obtained the highest medical
position in the empire, and actively participated in court life. He
convinced Suleiman I to intervene with the Pope on behalf of
Ottoman-subject Portuguese
Jews
Jews imprisoned in Ancona.[40] Between the
4th and 19th centuries, Nasi's was the only practical attempt to
establish some sort of Jewish political center in Palestine.[42]
In the 17th century
Sabbatai Zevi
Sabbatai Zevi (1626–1676) announced himself as
the Messiah and gained many
Jews
Jews to his side, forming a base in
Salonika. He first tried to establish a settlement in Gaza, but moved
later to Smyrna. After deposing the old rabbi
Aaron Lapapa in the
spring of 1666, the Jewish community of Avignon,
France
France prepared to
emigrate to the new kingdom. The readiness of the
Jews
Jews of the time to
believe the messianic claims of
Sabbatai Zevi
Sabbatai Zevi may be largely explained
by the desperate state of Central European Jewry in the mid-17th
century. The bloody pogroms of
Bohdan Khmelnytsky
Bohdan Khmelnytsky had wiped out
one-third of the
Jewish population
Jewish population and destroyed many centers of
Jewish learning and communal life.[43]
In the 19th century, a current in
Judaism
Judaism supporting a return to Zion
grew in popularity,[44] particularly in Europe, where antisemitism and
hostility toward
Jews
Jews were growing. The idea of returning to Palestine
was rejected by the conferences of rabbis held in that epoch.
Individual efforts supported the emigration of groups of
Jews
Jews to
Palestine, pre-Zionist Aliyah, even before 1897, the year considered
as the start of practical Zionism.[45]
The Reformed
Jews
Jews rejected this idea of a return to Zion. The
conference of rabbis, at Frankfurt am Main, July 15–28, 1845,
deleted from the ritual all prayers for a return to
Zion
Zion and a
restoration of a Jewish state. The Philadelphia Conference, 1869,
followed the lead of the German rabbis and decreed that the Messianic
hope of
Israel
Israel is "the union of all the children of God in the
confession of the unity of God". The Pittsburgh Conference, 1885,
reiterated this Messianic idea of reformed Judaism, expressing in a
resolution that "we consider ourselves no longer a nation, but a
religious community; and we therefore expect neither a return to
Palestine, nor a sacrificial worship under the sons of Aaron, nor the
restoration of any of the laws concerning a Jewish state".[46]
Jewish settlements were established in the upper Mississippi region by
W.D. Robinson in 1819. Others were developed near
Jerusalem
Jerusalem in 1850,
by the American Consul Warder Cresson, a convert to Judaism. Cresson
was tried and condemned for lunacy in a suit filed by his wife and
son. They asserted that only a lunatic would convert to
Judaism
Judaism from
Christianity. After a second trial, based on the centrality of
American 'freedom of faith' issues and antisemitism, Cresson won the
bitterly contested suit.[47] He emigrated to
Ottoman Palestine
-Jerusalem-Temple_Mount-Dome_of_the_Rock_(SE_exposure).jpg/300px-Israel-2013(2)-Jerusalem-Temple_Mount-Dome_of_the_Rock_(SE_exposure).jpg)
Ottoman Palestine and
established an agricultural colony in the
Valley of Rephaim of
Jerusalem. He hoped to "prevent any attempts being made to take
advantage of the necessities of our poor brethren ... (that
would) ... FORCE them into a pretended conversion."[48]
Moral but not practical efforts were made in Prague to organize a
Jewish emigration, by
Abraham Benisch and
Moritz Steinschneider
Moritz Steinschneider in
1835. In the United States, Mordecai Noah attempted to establish a
Jewish refuge opposite
Buffalo, New York
Buffalo, New York on Grand Isle, 1825. These
early Jewish nation building efforts of Cresson, Benisch,
Steinschneider and Noah failed.[49][page needed][50]
The Great
Synagogue
Synagogue of Rishon Le
Zion
Zion was founded in 1885.
Sir Moses Montefiore, famous for his intervention in favor of Jews
around the world, including the attempt to rescue Edgardo Mortara,
established a colony for
Jews
Jews in Palestine. In 1854, his friend Judah
Touro bequeathed money to fund Jewish residential settlement in
Palestine. Montefiore was appointed executor of his will, and used the
funds for a variety of projects, including building in 1860 the first
Jewish residential settlement and almshouse outside of the old walled
city of Jerusalem—today known as Mishkenot Sha'ananim. Laurence
Oliphant failed in a like attempt to bring to Palestine the Jewish
proletariat of Poland, Lithuania, Romania, and the Turkish Empire
(1879 and 1882).
The official beginning of the construction of the New
Yishuv
Yishuv in
Palestine is usually dated to the arrival of the
Bilu
Bilu group in 1882,
who commenced the First Aliyah. In the following years, Jewish
immigration to Palestine started in earnest. Most immigrants came from
the Russian Empire, escaping the frequent pogroms and state-led
persecution in what are now
Ukraine
.png/440px-Czech_Rep._-_Bohemia,_Moravia_and_Silesia_III_(en).png)
Ukraine and Poland. They founded a number
of agricultural settlements with financial support from Jewish
philanthropists in Western Europe. Additional Aliyahs followed the
Russian Revolution and its eruption of violent pogroms, as well as the
Nazi persecution of the 1930s. At the end of the 19th century, Jews
were a small minority in Palestine.[citation needed]
In the 1890s,
Theodor Herzl
Theodor Herzl infused
Zionism
Zionism with a new ideology and
practical urgency, leading to the
First Zionist Congress
First Zionist Congress at
Basel
Basel in
1897, which created the
World Zionist Organization
World Zionist Organization (WZO).[51] Herzl's
aim was to initiate necessary preparatory steps for the development of
a Jewish state. Herzl's attempts to reach a political agreement with
the Ottoman rulers of Palestine were unsuccessful and he sought the
support of other governments. The WZO supported small-scale settlement
in Palestine; it focused on strengthening Jewish feeling and
consciousness and on building a worldwide federation.[citation needed]
The Russian Empire, with its long record of state-organized genocide
and ethnic cleansing ("pogroms"), was widely regarded as the historic
enemy of the Jewish people. The Zionist movement's headquarters were
located in Berlin, as many of its leaders were German
Jews
Jews who spoke
German. Given Russia's anti-semitism, at the start of World War I,
most
Jews
Jews (and Zionists) supported Germany in its war with
Russia.[citation needed]
Territories considered
Main articles:
Jewish territorialism and Proposals for a Jewish state
Throughout the first decade of the Zionist movement, there were
several instances where Zionist figures supported a
Jewish state in
places outside Palestine, such as Uganda and Argentina.[52] Even
Theodor Herzl, the founder of political
Zionism
Zionism was initially content
with any Jewish self-governed state.[53] However, other Zionists
emphasized the memory, emotion and myth linking
Jews
Jews to the Land of
Israel.[54] Despite using
Zion
Zion as the name of the movement (a name
after the Jebusite fortress in Jerusalem, which became synonymous with
Jerusalem), Palestine only became Herzl's main focus after his Zionist
manifesto 'Judenstaat' was published in 1896, but even then he was
hesitant.[55]
In 1903, British Colonial Secretary
Joseph Chamberlain
Joseph Chamberlain offered Herzl
5,000 square miles in the
Uganda Protectorate
Uganda Protectorate for Jewish
settlement.[56] Called the Uganda Scheme, it was introduced the same
year to the World Zionist Organization's Congress at its sixth
meeting, where a fierce debate ensued. Some groups felt that accepting
the scheme would make it more difficult to establish a
Jewish state in
Palestine, the African land was described as an "ante-chamber to the
Holy Land". It was decided to send a commission to investigate the
proposed land by 295 to 177 votes, with 132 abstaining. The following
year, congress sent a delegation to inspect the plateau. A temperate
climate due to its high elevation, was thought to be suitable for
European settlement. However, the area was populated by a large number
of Maasai, who did not seem to favour an influx of Europeans.
Furthermore, the delegation found it to be filled with lions and other
animals.
After Herzl died in 1904, the Congress decided on the fourth day of
its seventh session in July 1905 to decline the British offer and,
according to Adam Rovner, "direct all future settlement efforts solely
to Palestine".[56][57]
Israel
Israel Zangwill's Jewish Territorialist
Organization aimed for a
Jewish state anywhere, having been
established in 1903 in response to the Uganda Scheme, was supported by
a number of the Congress's delegates. Following the vote, which had
been proposed by Max Nordau, Zangwill charged Nordau that he “will
be charged before the bar of history,” and his supporters blamed the
Russian voting bloc of
Menachem Ussishkin
.jpg/500px-Menachem_Ussishkin._1920-1940_(id.14933417).jpg)
Menachem Ussishkin for the outcome of the
vote.[57]
The subsequent departure of the JTO from the Zionist Organization had
little impact.[56][58][59] The
Zionist Socialist Workers Party was
also an organization that favored the idea of a Jewish territorial
autonomy outside of Palestine.[60]
As an alternative to Zionism, Soviet authorities established a Jewish
Autonomous Oblast in 1934, which remains extant as the only autonomous
oblast of Russia.[61]
Balfour Declaration
Balfour Declaration and the Palestine Mandate
Palestine as claimed by the
World Zionist Organization
World Zionist Organization in 1919 at the
Paris Peace Conference
Lobbying by Russian Jewish immigrant
Chaim Weizmann
_-_President_Chaim_Weizmann.jpg/440px-Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_(GPO)_-_President_Chaim_Weizmann.jpg)
Chaim Weizmann together with fear
that American
Jews
Jews would encourage the USA to support Germany in the
war against communist Russia, culminated in the British government's
Balfour Declaration
Balfour Declaration of 1917.
It endorsed the creation of a Jewish homeland in Palestine, as
follows:
His Majesty's government view with favour the establishment in
Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, and will use their
best endeavours to facilitate the achievement of this object, it being
clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the
civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in
Palestine, or the rights and political status enjoyed by
Jews
Jews in any
other country.[62]
In 1922, the
League of Nations
League of Nations adopted the declaration, and granted to
Britain the Palestine Mandate:
The Mandate will secure the establishment of the Jewish national home
... and the development of self-governing institutions, and also
safeguard the civil and religious rights of all the inhabitants of
Palestine, irrespective of race and religion.[63]
Weizmann's role in obtaining the
Balfour Declaration
Balfour Declaration led to his
election as the Zionist movement's leader. He remained in that role
until 1948, and then was elected as the first President of Israel
after the nation gained independence.
Jewish migration to Palestine and widespread Jewish land purchases
from feudal[citation needed] landlords contributed to landlessness
among Palestinian Arabs, fueling unrest. Riots erupted in Palestine in
1920, 1921 and 1929, in which both
Jews
Jews and Arabs were killed.[64]
Britain was responsible for the Palestinian mandate and, after the
Balfour Declaration, it supported Jewish immigration in principle.
But, in response to the violent events noted above, the Peel
Commission published a report proposing new provisions and
restrictions in Palestine.[citation needed]
In 1927, Ukrainian Jew Yitzhak Lamdan, wrote an epic poem titled
Masada to reflect the plight of the Jews, calling for a "last
stand".[65] Upon the German adoption of the swastika, Theodore Newman
Kaufman, bent on provoking a race war and eliminating his perception
of "inbred Germanism", published
Germany Must Perish!
Germany Must Perish! Anti-German
articles, such as the
Daily Express
Daily Express calling for an "Anti-Nazi
boycott", in response to German antisemitism were published prior to
Adolf Hitler's rise, as well. This has given birth to the conspiracy
theory that
Jews
Jews started the holocaust, although the Nazi Propaganda
Minister
Joseph Goebbels
Joseph Goebbels was largely responsible for ignoring the
patriotic Jew, and for instead promoting anti-German materials as
"evidence" that the
Jews
Jews needed to be eradicated.
Rise of Hitler
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In 1933,
Hitler
Hitler came to power in Germany, and in 1935 the Nuremberg
Laws made German
Jews
Jews (and later Austrian and Czech Jews) stateless
refugees. Similar rules were applied by the many Nazi allies in
Europe. The subsequent growth in Jewish migration and the impact of
Nazi propaganda
Nazi propaganda aimed at the
Arab
Arab world led to the 1936–1939 Arab
revolt in Palestine. Britain established the
Peel Commission
Peel Commission to
investigate the situation. The commission did not consider the
situation of
Jews
Jews in Europe, but called for a two-state solution and
compulsory transfer of populations. Britain rejected this solution and
instead implemented the White Paper of 1939. This planned to end
Jewish immigration by 1944 and to allow no more than 75,000 additional
Jewish migrants. This was disastrous to European
Jews
Jews already being
gravely discriminated against and in need of a place to seek refuge.
The British maintained this policy until the end of the
Mandate.[citation needed]
The growth of the Jewish community in Palestine and the devastation of
European Jewish life sidelined the World Zionist Organization. The
Jewish Agency for Palestine under the leadership of David Ben-Gurion
increasingly dictated policy with support from American Zionists who
provided funding and influence in Washington, D.C., including via the
highly effective American Palestine Committee.[citation needed]
David Ben-Gurion
David Ben-Gurion proclaiming Israel's independence beneath a large
portrait of Theodor Herzl
During World War II, as the horrors of the Holocaust became known, the
Zionist leadership formulated the One Million Plan, a reduction from
Ben-Gurion's previous target of two million immigrants. Following the
end of the war, a massive wave of stateless Jews, mainly Holocaust
survivors, began migrating to Palestine in small boats in defiance of
British rules.
The Holocaust
The Holocaust united much of the rest of world Jewry
behind the Zionist project.[66] The British either imprisoned these
Jews
Jews in
Cyprus
Cyprus or sent them to the British-controlled Allied
Occupation Zones in Germany. The British, having faced the 1936–1939
Arab
Arab revolt against mass Jewish immigration into Palestine, were now
facing opposition by Zionist groups in Palestine for subsequent
restrictions. In January 1946 the Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry
was a joint British and American committee set up to examine the
political, economic and social conditions in Palestine as they bore
upon the problem of Jewish immigration and settlement and the
well-being of the peoples living there; to consult representatives of
Arabs and Jews, and to make other recommendations 'as necessary' for
ad interim handling of these problems as well as for their eventual
solution.[67] Ultimately the Committee's plans were rejected by both
Arabs and Jews; and Britain decided to refer the problem to the United
Nations.[citation needed]
Post-WWII
Arab
Arab offensive, at the beginning of the 1948 Arab-Israeli war
In 1947, the
United Nations
United Nations
Special
Special Committee on Palestine recommended
that western Palestine should be partitioned into a Jewish state, an
Arab
Arab state and a UN-controlled territory, Corpus separatum, around
Jerusalem.[68] This partition plan was adopted on November 29, 1947
with UN GA Resolution 181, 33 votes in favor, 13 against, and 10
abstentions. The vote led to celebrations in the streets of Jewish
cities.[69] However, the Palestinian Arabs and the
Arab
Arab states
rejected the UN decision, demanding a single state and removal of
Jewish migrants, leading to the 1948 Arab–Israeli War.
On May 14, 1948, at the end of the British mandate, the Jewish Agency,
led by David Ben-Gurion, declared the creation of the State of Israel,
and the same day the armies of seven
Arab
Arab countries invaded Israel.
The conflict led to an exodus of about 711,000 Palestinian Arabs,[70]
known in Arabic as al-Nakba ("the Catastrophe"). Later, a series of
laws passed by the first Israeli government prevented Palestinians
from returning to their homes, or claiming their property. They and
many of their descendants remain refugees.[71][72] The flight and
expulsion of the Palestinians has since been widely, and
controversially, described as having involved ethnic
cleansing.[73][74] According to a growing consensus between Israeli
and Palestinian historians, expulsion and destruction of villages
played a part in the origin of the Palestinian refugees.[75] Efraim
Karsh, however, states that most of the Arabs who fled left of their
own accord or were pressured to leave by their fellow Arabs, despite
Israeli attempts to convince them to stay.[76][77]
Yemenite
Jews
Jews on their way to
Israel
Israel during Operation Magic Carpet
Since the creation of the State of Israel, the World Zionist
Organization has functioned mainly as an organization dedicated to
assisting and encouraging
Jews
Jews to migrate to Israel. It has provided
political support for
Israel
Israel in other countries but plays little role
in internal Israeli politics. The movement's major success since 1948
was in providing logistical support for migrating
Jews
Jews and, most
importantly, in assisting Soviet
Jews
Jews in their struggle with the
authorities over the right to leave the
USSR
.png/520px-Многоцелевая_авиационно-космическая_система_-9А-10485-_(МАКС).png)
USSR and to practice their
religion in freedom, and the exodus of 850,000
Jews
Jews from the Arab
world, mostly to Israel. In 1944–45, Ben-Gurion described the One
Million Plan to foreign officials as being the "primary goal and top
priority of the Zionist movement."[78] The immigration restrictions of
the British
White Paper of 1939
White Paper of 1939 meant that such a plan could not be
put into large scale effect until the Israeli Declaration of
Independence in May 1948. The new country's immigration policy had
some opposition within the new Israeli government, such as those who
argued that there was "no justification for organizing large-scale
emigration among
Jews
Jews whose lives were not in danger, particularly
when the desire and motivation were not their own"[79] as well as
those who argued that the absorption process caused "undue
hardship".[80] However, the force of Ben-Gurion's influence and
insistence ensured that his immigration policy was carried
out.[81][82]
Types
Members and delegates at the 1939 Zionist congress, by country/region
(
Zionism
Zionism was banned in the Soviet Union). 70,000 Polish
Jews
Jews supported
the
Revisionist Zionism
Revisionist Zionism movement, which was not represented.[83]
Country/Region
Members
Delegates
Poland
299,165
109
USA
263,741
114
Palestine
167,562
134
Romania
60,013
28
United Kingdom
23,513
15
South Africa
22,343
14
Canada
15,220
8
The multi-national, worldwide Zionist movement is structured on
representative democratic principles. Congresses are held every four
years (they were held every two years before the Second World War) and
delegates to the congress are elected by the membership. Members are
required to pay dues known as a shekel. At the congress, delegates
elect a 30-man executive council, which in turn elects the movement's
leader. The movement was democratic from its inception and women had
the right to vote.[84]
Until 1917, the
World Zionist Organization
World Zionist Organization pursued a strategy of
building a
Jewish National Home
Jewish National Home through persistent small-scale
immigration and the founding of such bodies as the Jewish National
Fund (1901 – a charity that bought land for Jewish settlement)
and the
Anglo-Palestine Bank
Anglo-Palestine Bank (1903 – provided loans for Jewish
businesses and farmers). In 1942, at the Biltmore Conference, the
movement included for the first time an express objective of the
establishment of a
Jewish state in the Land of Israel.[85]
The 28th Zionist Congress, meeting in
Jerusalem
Jerusalem in 1968, adopted the
five points of the "
Jerusalem
Jerusalem Program" as the aims of
Zionism
Zionism today.
They are:[86]
Unity of the Jewish People and the centrality of
Israel
Israel in Jewish life
Ingathering of the Jewish People in its historic homeland, Eretz
Israel, through
Aliyah
Aliyah from all countries
Strengthening of the State of Israel, based on the prophetic vision of
justice and peace
Preservation of the identity of the Jewish People through fostering of
Jewish and Hebrew education, and of Jewish spiritual and cultural
values
Protection of Jewish rights everywhere
Since the creation of modern Israel, the role of the movement has
declined. It is now a peripheral factor in Israeli politics, though
different perceptions of
Zionism
Zionism continue to play roles in Israeli and
Jewish political discussion.[87]
Labour Zionism
Main article: Labor Zionism
Israeli author Amoz Oz, who today is described as the 'aristocrat' of
Labor Zionism[88]
Israeli Jewish youth from the Socialist Zionist youth movement No'al,
meeting with Jewish resistance fighter Simcha Rotem. Founded in 1924,
No'al is one of the largest Zionist Youth movements.
Labor Zionism
Labor Zionism originated in Eastern Europe. Socialist Zionists
believed that centuries of oppression in antisemitic societies had
reduced
Jews
Jews to a meek, vulnerable, despairing existence that invited
further antisemitism, a view originally stipulated by Theodor Herzl.
They argued that a revolution of the Jewish soul and society was
necessary and achievable in part by
Jews
Jews moving to
Israel
Israel and becoming
farmers, workers, and soldiers in a country of their own. Most
socialist Zionists rejected the observance of traditional religious
Judaism
Judaism as perpetuating a "Diaspora mentality" among the Jewish
people, and established rural communes in
Israel
Israel called "kibbutzim".
The kibbutz began as a variation on a "national farm" scheme, a form
of cooperative agriculture where the
Jewish National Fund
Jewish National Fund hired Jewish
workers under trained supervision. The kibbutzim were a symbol of the
Second
Aliyah
Aliyah in that they put great emphasis on communalism and
egalitarianism, representing to a certain extent Utopian socialism.
Furthermore, they stressed self-sufficiency, which became an important
aspect of Labor Zionism. Though socialist
Zionism
Zionism draws its
inspiration and is philosophically founded on the fundamental values
and spirituality of Judaism, its progressive expression of that
Judaism
Judaism has often fostered an antagonistic relationship with Orthodox
Judaism.[citation needed]
Labor Zionism
Labor Zionism became the dominant force in the political and economic
life of the
Yishuv
Yishuv during the
British Mandate of Palestine
British Mandate of Palestine and was the
dominant ideology of the political establishment in
Israel
Israel until the
1977 election when the
Israeli Labor Party was defeated. The Israeli
Labor Party continues the tradition, although the most popular party
in the kibbutzim is Meretz.[89] Labour Zionism's main institution is
the
Histadrut
Histadrut (general organisation of labor unions), which began by
providing strikebreakers against a Palestinian worker's strike in 1920
and until 1970s was the largest employer in
Israel
Israel after the Israeli
government.[90]
Liberal Zionism
Main article: General Zionists
Kibbutznikiyot (female
Kibbutz
Kibbutz members) in Mishmar HaEmek, during the
1948 Arab–Israeli War. The
Kibbutz
Kibbutz is the historical heartland of
Labor Zionism.
General
Zionism
Zionism (or Liberal Zionism) was initially the dominant trend
within the Zionist movement from the
First Zionist Congress
First Zionist Congress in 1897
until after the First World War.
General Zionists
General Zionists identified with the
liberal European middle class to which many Zionist leaders such as
Herzl and
Chaim Weizmann
Chaim Weizmann aspired. Liberal Zionism, although not
associated with any single party in modern Israel, remains a strong
trend in
Israeli politics
Israeli politics advocating free market principles, democracy
and adherence to human rights. Kadima, the main centrist party during
the 2000s that is now defunct, however, did identify with many of the
fundamental policies of Liberal Zionist ideology, advocating among
other things the need for Palestinian statehood in order to form a
more democratic society in Israel, affirming the free market, and
calling for equal rights for
Arab
Arab citizens of Israel. In 2013, Ari
Shavit suggested that the success of the then-new
Yesh Atid
Yesh Atid party
(representing secular, middle-class interests) embodied the success of
"the new General Zionists."[91]
Dror Zeigerman writes that the traditional positions of the General
Zionists—"liberal positions based on social justice, on law and
order, on pluralism in matters of State and Religion, and on
moderation and flexibility in the domain of foreign policy and
security"—are still favored by important circles and currents within
certain active political parties.[92]
Philosopher
Carlo Strenger
Carlo Strenger describes a modern-day version of Liberal
Zionism
Zionism (supporting his vision of "Knowledge-Nation Israel"), rooted
in the original ideology of Herzl and Ahad Ha'am, that stands in
contrast to both the romantic nationalism of the right and the Netzah
Yisrael of the ultra-Orthodox. It is marked by a concern for
democratic values and human rights, freedom to criticize government
policies without accusations of disloyalty, and rejection of excessive
religious influence in public life. "Liberal
Zionism
Zionism celebrates the
most authentic traits of the Jewish tradition: the willingness for
incisive debate; the contrarian spirit of davka; the refusal to bow to
authoritarianism."[93][94] Liberal Zionists see that "Jewish history
shows that
Jews
Jews need and are entitled to a nation-state of their own.
But they also think that this state must be a liberal democracy, which
means that there must be strict equality before the law independent of
religion, ethnicity or gender."[95]
Revisionist Zionism
Main article: Revisionist Zionism
Ze'ev Jabotinsky, founder of Revisionist Zionism
Revisionist Zionists, led by Ze'ev Jabotinsky, developed what became
known as Nationalist Zionism, whose guiding principles were outlined
in an essay The Iron Wall (1923). In 1935 the Revisionists left the
World Zionist Organization
World Zionist Organization because it refused to state that the
creation of a
Jewish state was an objective of Zionism.
Jabotinsky believed that,
Zionism
Zionism is a colonising adventure and it therefore stands or falls by
the question of armed force. It is important to build, it is important
to speak Hebrew, but, unfortunately, it is even more important to be
able to shoot—or else I am through with playing at
colonization.[96][97]
and that
Although the
Jews
Jews originated in the East, they belonged to the West
culturally, morally, and spiritually.
Zionism
Zionism was conceived by
Jabotinsky not as the return of the
Jews
Jews to their spiritual homeland
but as an offshoot or implant of Western civilization in the East.
This worldview translated into a geostrategic conception in which
Zionism
Zionism was to be permanently allied with European colonialism against
all the Arabs in the eastern Mediterranean.[98]
The revisionists advocated the formation of a Jewish Army in Palestine
to force the
Arab
Arab population to accept mass Jewish migration.
Supporters of
Revisionist Zionism
Revisionist Zionism developed the
Likud
Likud Party in Israel,
which has dominated most governments since 1977. It advocates Israel's
maintaining control of the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, and
takes a hard-line approach in the Arab–Israeli conflict. In 2005,
the
Likud
Likud split over the issue of creation of a Palestinian state in
the occupied territories. Party members advocating peace talks helped
form the
Kadima
Kadima Party.[99]
Religious Zionism
The 15th-century Abuhav synagogue, established by Sephardic
Jews
Jews in
Safed, Northern Israel.[100]
Main article: Religious Zionism
Religious Zionism
Religious Zionism is an ideology that combines
Zionism
Zionism and observant
Judaism. Before the establishment of the State of Israel, Religious
Zionists were mainly observant
Jews
Jews who supported Zionist efforts to
build a
Jewish state in the Land of Israel.
After the
Six-Day War
Six-Day War and the capture of the West Bank, a territory
referred to in Jewish terms as
Judea
Judea and Samaria, right-wing
components of the Religious Zionist movement integrated nationalist
revindication and evolved into Neo-Zionism. Their ideology revolves
around three pillars: the Land of Israel, the People of
Israel
Israel and the
Torah
Torah of Israel.[101]
Green Zionism
Main article: Green Zionism
Green Zionism is a branch of
Zionism
Zionism primarily concerned with the
environment of Israel. The only environmental Zionist party is the
Green Zionist Alliance.[citation needed]
Post-Zionism
During the last quarter of the 20th century, classic nationalism in
Israel
Israel declined. This led to the rise of post-Zionism. Post-Zionism
asserts that
Israel
Israel should abandon the concept of a "state of the
Jewish people" and strive to be a state of all its citizens,[102] or a
binational state where Arabs and
Jews
Jews live together while enjoying
some type of autonomy.[citation needed]
Non-Jewish support
Political support for the Jewish return to the Land of
Israel
Israel predates
the formal organization of Jewish
Zionism
Zionism as a political movement. In
the 19th century, advocates of the restoration of the
Jews
Jews to the Holy
Land were called Restorationists. The return of the
Jews
Jews to the Holy
Land was widely supported by such eminent figures as Queen Victoria,
Napoleon Bonaparte,[103] King Edward VII, President
John Adams
John Adams of the
United States, General Smuts of South Africa, President Masaryk of
Czechoslovakia, philosopher and historian
Benedetto Croce
Benedetto Croce from Italy,
Henry Dunant
Henry Dunant (founder of the
Red Cross
Red Cross and author of the Geneva
Conventions), and scientist and humanitarian
Fridtjof Nansen
Fridtjof Nansen from
Norway.[citation needed]
The French government, through Minister M. Cambon, formally committed
itself to "... the renaissance of the Jewish nationality in that
Land from which the people of
Israel
Israel were exiled so many centuries
ago."[citation needed]
In China, top figures of the Nationalist government, including Sun
Yat-sen, expressed their sympathy with the aspirations of the Jewish
people for a National Home.[104]
Christian Zionism
Main article: Christian Zionism
See also:
Christian Zionism
Christian Zionism in the United Kingdom
Martin Luther King Jr.
Martin Luther King Jr. was a notable Christian supporter of
Israel
Israel and
Zionism.[105]
Some Christians have actively supported the return of
Jews
Jews to
Palestine even prior to the rise of Zionism, as well as subsequently.
Anita Shapira, a history professor emerita at Tel Aviv University,
suggests that evangelical Christian restorationists of the 1840s
'passed this notion on to Jewish circles'.[106] Evangelical Christian
anticipation of and political lobbying within the UK for
Restorationism was widespread in the 1820s and common beforehand.[107]
It was common among the Puritans to anticipate and frequently to pray
for a Jewish return to their homeland.[108][109][110] One of the
principal Protestant teachers who promoted the biblical doctrine that
the
Jews
Jews would return to their national homeland was John Nelson
Darby. His doctrine of dispensationalism is credited with promoting
Zionism, following his 11 lectures on the hopes of the church, the Jew
and the gentile given in Geneva in 1840.[111] However, others like C H
Spurgeon,[112] both Horatius[113] and Andrew Bonar, Robert Murray
M'Chyene,[114] and J C Ryle[115] were among a number of prominent
proponents of both the importance and significance of a Jewish return,
who were not dispensationalist. Pro-Zionist views were embraced by
many evangelicals and also affected international foreign policy.
The Russian Orthodox ideologue Hippolytus Lutostansky, also known as
the author of multiple antisemitic tracts, insisted in 1911 that
Russian
Jews
Jews should be "helped" to move to Palestine "as their
rightful place is in their former kingdom of Palestine".[116]
Notable early supporters of
Zionism
Zionism include British Prime Ministers
David Lloyd George
David Lloyd George and Arthur Balfour, American President Woodrow
Wilson and British Major-General Orde Wingate, whose activities in
support of
Zionism
Zionism led the British Army to ban him from ever serving
in Palestine. According to Charles Merkley of Carleton University,
Christian Zionism
Christian Zionism strengthened significantly after the
Six-Day War
Six-Day War of
1967, and many dispensationalist and non-dispensationalist evangelical
Christians, especially Christians in the United States, now strongly
support Zionism.[citation needed]
Martin Luther King Jr.
Martin Luther King Jr. was a strong supporter of
Israel
Israel and
Zionism,[105] although the
Letter to an Anti-Zionist Friend is a work
falsely attributed to him.
In the last years of his life, the founder of the Latter Day Saint
movement, Joseph Smith, declared, "the time for
Jews
Jews to return to the
land of
Israel
Israel is now." In 1842, Smith sent Orson Hyde, an Apostle of
the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, to
Jerusalem
Jerusalem to
dedicate the land for the return of the Jews.[117]
Some
Arab Christians
Arab Christians publicly supporting
Israel
Israel include US author
Nonie Darwish, and former Muslim Magdi Allam, author of Viva
Israele,[118] both born in Egypt. Brigitte Gabriel, a Lebanese-born
Christian US journalist and founder of the American Congress for
Truth, urges Americans to "fearlessly speak out in defense of America,
Israel
Israel and Western civilization".[119]
Muslim Zionism
Main article: Muslim Zionism
Israeli Druze
Israeli Druze Scouts march to Jethro's tomb. Today, thousands of
Israeli Druze
Israeli Druze belong to '
Druze
Druze Zionist' movements.[120]
Muslims who have publicly defended
Zionism
Zionism include Dr. Tawfik Hamid,
Islamic thinker and reformer[121] and former member of al-Gama'a
al-Islamiyya, an Islamist militiant group that is designated as a
terrorist organization by the
United States
United States and European Union,[122]
Sheikh Prof. Abdul Hadi Palazzi, Director of the Cultural Institute of
the Italian Islamic Community,[123] and Tashbih Sayyed, a
Pakistani-American scholar, journalist, and author.[124]
On occasion, some non-
Arab
Arab Muslims such as some
Kurds
Kurds and Berbers have
also voiced support for Zionism.[125][126][127]
While most
Israeli Druze
Israeli Druze identify as ethnically Arab,[128] today, tens
of thousands of
Israeli Druze
Israeli Druze belong to "
Druze
Druze Zionist"
movements.[129]
During the Palestine Mandate era, As'ad Shukeiri, a Muslim scholar
('alim) of the Acre area, and the father of
PLO
.svg/250px-Coat_of_arms_of_Palestine_(alternative).svg.png)
PLO founder Ahmad
Shukeiri, rejected the values of the Palestinian
Arab
Arab national
movement and was opposed to the anti-Zionist movement.[130] He met
routinely with Zionist officials and had a part in every pro-Zionist
Arab
Arab organization from the beginning of the British Mandate, publicly
rejecting Mohammad Amin al-Husayni's use of
Islam
Islam to attack
Zionism.[131]
Some
Indian Muslims
Indian Muslims have also expressed opposition to Islamic
anti-Zionism. In August 2007, a delegation of the All India
Organization of Imams and mosques led by its president Maulana Jamil
Ilyas visited Israel. The meeting led to a joint statement expressing
"peace and goodwill from Indian Muslims", developing dialogue between
Indian Muslims
Indian Muslims and Israeli Jews, and rejecting the perception that the
Israeli–Palestinian conflict
.png/500px-West_Bank_&_Gaza_Map_2007_(Settlements).png)
Israeli–Palestinian conflict is of a religious nature.[132] The
visit was organized by the American Jewish Committee. The purpose of
the visit was to promote meaningful debate about the status of Israel
in the eyes of Muslims worldwide, and to strengthen the relationship
between India and Israel. It is suggested that the visit could "open
Muslim minds across the world to understand the democratic nature of
the state of Israel, especially in the Middle East".[133]
Hindu support for Zionism
Main articles: India–
Israel
Israel relations and Hindu Nationalism
After Israel's creation in 1948, the Indian National Congress
government opposed Zionism. Some writers have claimed that this was
done in order to get more Muslim votes in India (where Muslims
numbered over 30 million at the time).[134] However, conservative
Hindu nationalists, led by the Sangh Parivar, openly supported
Zionism, as did
Hindu Nationalist
Hindu Nationalist intellectuals like Vinayak Damodar
Savarkar and Sita Ram Goel.[135] Zionism, seen as a national
liberation movement for the repatriation of the
Jewish people
Jewish people to their
homeland then under British colonial rule, appealed to many Hindu
Nationalists, who viewed their struggle for independence from British
rule and the
Partition of India
Partition of India as national liberation for
long-oppressed Hindus.
An international opinion survey has shown that India is the most
pro-
Israel
Israel country in the world.[136] In more current times,
conservative Indian parties and organizations tend to support
Zionism.[135][137] This has invited attacks on the
Hindutva
Hindutva movement
by parts of the Indian left opposed to Zionism, and allegations that
Hindus are conspiring with the "Jewish Lobby."[138]
Anti-Zionism
Main articles:
Anti-Zionism
Anti-Zionism and Timeline of Anti-Zionism
See also: Non-Zionism, New Antisemitism, Criticism of the Israeli
government, and Zionist Occupation Government conspiracy theory
Zionism
Zionism is opposed by a wide variety of organizations and individuals.
Among those opposing
Zionism
Zionism are some secular Jews,[139] some branches
of
Judaism
Judaism (Satmar Hasidim and Neturei Karta), the former Soviet
Union,[140] some African Americans,[141] many in the Muslim world, and
Palestinians. Reasons for opposing
Zionism
Zionism are varied, and they
include: the perception that land confiscations are unfair; expulsions
of Palestinians; violence against Palestinians; and alleged racism.
Arab
Arab states in particular strongly oppose Zionism, which they believe
is responsible for the 1948 Palestinian exodus. The preamble of the
African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights, which has been ratified
by 53 African countries as of 2014[update], includes an undertaking to
eliminate
Zionism
Zionism together with other practices including colonialism,
neo-colonialism, apartheid, "aggressive foreign military bases" and
all forms of discrimination.[142][143]
Zionism
Zionism was also opposed for other reasons by some
Jews
Jews even before
the establishment of the state of
Israel
Israel because "
Zionism
Zionism constitutes
a danger, both spiritual and physical, to the existence of our
people".[144][page needed]
In 1945 US President
Franklin D Roosevelt
Franklin D Roosevelt met with king
Ibn Saud
Ibn Saud of
Saudi Arabia.
Ibn Saud
Ibn Saud pointed out that it was Germany who had
committed crimes against the
Jews
Jews and so Germany should be punished.
Palestinian Arabs had done no harm to European
Jews
Jews and did not
deserve to be punished by losing their land. Roosevelt on return to
the US concluded that
Israel
Israel 'could only be established and maintained
by force', and that it would have to be a 'land for
Jews
Jews only'.[145]
Catholic Church
Catholic Church and Zionism
Main articles: Holy See–
Israel
Israel relations, Supersessionism
§ Roman Catholicism, and
Christianity
Christianity and antisemitism
The initial response of the
Catholic Church
Catholic Church seemed to be one of strong
opposition to Zionism. Shortly after the 1897
Basel
Basel Conference, the
semi-official Vatican periodical (edited by the Jesuits) Civilta
Cattolica gave its biblical-theological judgement on political
Zionism: "1827 years have passed since the prediction of Jesus of
Nazareth was fulfilled ... that [after the destruction of
Jerusalem] the
Jews
Jews would be led away to be slaves among all the
nations and that they would remain in the dispersion [diaspora, galut]
until the end of the world." The
Jews
Jews should not be permitted to
return to Palestine with sovereignty: "According to the Sacred
Scriptures, the
Jewish people
Jewish people must always live dispersed and vagabondo
[vagrant, wandering] among the other nations, so that they may render
witness to Christ not only by the Scriptures ... but by their
very existence".
Nonetheless, Theodore Herzl travelled to Rome in late January 1904,
after the sixth
Zionist Congress
Zionist Congress (August 1903) and six months before
his death, looking for some kind of support. On January 22, Herzl
first met the Papal Secretary of State, Cardinal Rafael Merry del Val.
According to Herzl's private diary notes, the Cardinal's
interpretation of the history of
Israel
Israel was the same as that of the
Catholic Church, but he also asked for the conversion of the
Jews
Jews to
Catholicism. Three days later, Herzl met Pope Pius X, who replied to
his request of support for a Jewish return to
Israel
Israel in the same
terms, saying that "we are unable to favor this movement. We cannot
prevent the
Jews
Jews from going to Jerusalem, but we could never sanction
it ... The
Jews
Jews have not recognized our Lord, therefore we cannot
recognize the Jewish people." In 1922, the same periodical published a
piece by its Viennese correspondent, "anti-Semitism is nothing but the
absolutely necessary and natural reaction to the Jews' arrogance...
Catholic anti-Semitism - while never going beyond the moral law -
adopts all necessary means to emancipate the Christian people from the
abuse they suffer from their sworn enemy".[146] This initial attitude
changed over the next 50 years, until 1997, when at the Vatican
symposium of that year, Pope
John Paul II
John Paul II rejected the Christian roots
of antisemitism, stating that "... the wrong and unjust
interpretations of the New Testament relating to the
Jewish people
Jewish people and
their supposed guilt [in Christ's death] circulated for too long,
engendering sentiments of hostility toward this people."[147]
Characterization as colonialism or ethnic cleansing
Zionism
Zionism has been characterized as colonialism, and
Zionism
Zionism has been
criticized for promoting unfair confiscation of land, involving the
expulsion of, and causing violence towards, the Palestinians. The
characterization of
Zionism
Zionism as colonialism has been described by,
among others, Nur Masalha, Gershon Shafir, Michael Prior, Ilan Pappe,
and Baruch Kimmerling.[15]
Others, such as
Shlomo Avineri and Mitchell Bard, view
Zionism
Zionism not as
colonialist movement, but as a national movement that is contending
with the Palestinian one.[148] South African rabbi David Hoffman
rejected the claim that
Zionism
Zionism is a 'settler-colonial undertaking'
and instead characterized
Zionism
Zionism as a national program of affirmative
action, adding that there is unbroken Jewish presence in
Israel
Israel back
to antiquity.[149]
Noam Chomsky, John P. Quigly, Nur Masalha, and
Cheryl Rubenberg have
criticized Zionism, saying that it unfairly confiscates land and
expels Palestinians.[150]
Isaac Deutscher has called
Israelis
.jpg/520px-Behatted_girls_with_matzah_(5607814995).jpg)
Israelis the 'Prussians of the Middle
East', who have achieved a 'totsieg', a 'victorious rush into the
grave' as a result of dispossessing 1.5 million Palestinians. Israel
had become the 'last remaining colonial power' of the twentieth
century.[151]
Edward Said
Edward Said and Michael Prior claim that the notion of expelling the
Palestinians was an early component of Zionism, citing Herzl's diary
from 1895 which states "we shall endeavour to expel the poor
population across the border unnoticed—the process of expropriation
and the removal of the poor must be carried out discreetly and
circumspectly."[152] This quotation has been critiqued by Efraim Karsh
for misrepresenting Herzl's purpose.[153] He describes it as "a
feature of Palestinian propaganda", writing that Herzl was referring
to the voluntary resettlement of squatters living on land purchased by
Jews, and that the full diary entry stated, "It goes without saying
that we shall respectfully tolerate persons of other faiths and
protect their property, their honor, and their freedom with the
harshest means of coercion. This is another area in which we shall set
the entire world a wonderful example … Should there be many such
immovable owners in individual areas [who would not sell their
property to us], we shall simply leave them there and develop our
commerce in the direction of other areas which belong to
us."[154][155]
Derek Penslar says that Herzl may have been considering
either South America or Palestine when he wrote the diary entry about
expropriation.[156] According to Walter Lacquer, although many
Zionists proposed transfer, it was never official Zionist policy and
in 1918 Ben-Gurion "emphatically rejected" it.[157]
Ilan Pappe argued that
Zionism
Zionism results in ethnic cleansing.[158] This
view diverges from other New Historians, such as Benny Morris, who
accept the Palestinian exodus narrative but place it in the context of
war, not ethnic cleansing.[159] When
Benny Morris
Benny Morris was asked about the
Expulsion of Palestinians from Lydda and Ramle, he responded "There
are circumstances in history that justify ethnic cleansing. I know
that this term is completely negative in the discourse of the 21st
century, but when the choice is between ethnic cleansing and
genocide—the annihilation of your people—I prefer ethnic
cleansing."[160]
Saleh Abdel Jawad, Nur Masalha, Michael Prior, Ian Lustick, and John
Rose have criticized
Zionism
Zionism for having been responsible for violence
against Palestinians, such as the Deir Yassin massacre, Sabra and
Shatila massacre, and Cave of the Patriarchs massacre.[161]
In 1938,
Mahatma Gandhi
Mahatma Gandhi rejected Zionism, saying that the
establishment of a Jewish national home in Palestine is a religious
act and therefore must not be performed by force, comparing it to the
Partition of India
Partition of India into Hindu and Muslim countries. He wrote,
"Palestine belongs to the Arabs in the same sense that England belongs
to the English or
France
France to the French. It is wrong and inhuman to
impose the
Jews
Jews on the Arabs ... Surely it would be a crime
against humanity to reduce the proud Arabs so that Palestine can be
restored to the
Jews
Jews partly or wholly as their national home ...
They can settle in Palestine only by the goodwill of the Arabs. They
should seek to convert the
Arab
Arab heart."[162] Gandhi later told
American journalist Louis Fischer in 1946 that "
Jews
Jews have a good case
in Palestine. If the Arabs have a claim to Palestine, the
Jews
Jews have a
prior claim".[163]
Characterization as racist
See also:
Racism
Racism in
Israel
Israel § Zionism; Israel, Palestinians, and
the United Nations; and
Israel
Israel and the apartheid analogy
David Ben-Gurion
David Ben-Gurion stated that "There will be no discrimination among
citizens of the
Jewish state on the basis of race, religion, sex, or
class."[164] Likewise, Vladimir Jabotinsky avowed "the minority will
not be rendered defenseless... [the] aim of democracy is to guarantee
that the minority too has influence on matters of state policy."[165]
However, critics of
Zionism
Zionism consider it a colonialist[15] or
racist[16] movement. According to historian Avi Shlaim, throughout its
history up to present day,
Zionism
Zionism "is replete with manifestations of
deep hostility and contempt towards the indigenous population." Shlaim
balances this by pointing out that there have always been individuals
within the Zionist movement that have criticized such attitudes. He
cites the example of Ahad Ha'am, who after visiting Palestine in 1891,
published a series of articles criticizing the aggressive behaviour
and political ethnocentrism of Zionist settlers. Ha'am wrote that the
Zionists "behave towards the Arabs with hostility and cruelty,
trespass unjustly upon their boundaries, beat them shamefully without
reason and even brag about it, and nobody stands to check this
contemptible and dangerous tendency" and that they believed that "the
only language that the Arabs understand is that of force."[166] Some
criticisms of
Zionism
Zionism claim that Judaism's notion of the "chosen
people" is the source of racism in Zionism,[167] despite, according to
Gustavo Perednik, that being a religious concept unrelated to
Zionism.[168]
In December 1973, the UN passed a series of resolutions condemning
South
Africa
Africa and included a reference to an "unholy alliance between
Portuguese colonialism,
Apartheid
Apartheid and Zionism."[169] At the time there
was little cooperation between
Israel
Israel and South Africa,[170] although
the two countries would develop a close relationship during the
1970s.[171] Parallels have also been drawn between aspects of South
Africa's apartheid regime and certain Israeli policies toward the
Palestinians, which are seen as manifestations of racism in Zionist
thinking.[172][173][174]
In 1975 the
UN General Assembly
UN General Assembly passed Resolution 3379, which said
"
Zionism
Zionism is a form of racism and racial discrimination". According to
the resolution, "any doctrine of racial differentiation of superiority
is scientifically false, morally condemnable, socially unjust, and
dangerous." The resolution named the occupied territory of Palestine,
Zimbabwe, and South
Africa
Africa as examples of racist regimes. Resolution
3379 was pioneered by the
Soviet Union
.jpg/460px-Soviet_Union-1964-stamp-Chapayev_(film).jpg)
Soviet Union and passed with numerical
support from
Arab
Arab and African states amidst accusations that Israel
was supportive of the apartheid regime in South Africa.[175] The
resolution was robustly criticised by the US representative, Daniel
Patrick Moynihan as an 'obscenity' and a 'harm ... done to the United
Nations'.[176] 'In 1991 the resolution was repealed with UN General
Assembly Resolution 46/86,[177] after
Israel
Israel declared that it would
only participate in the
Madrid Conference of 1991
Madrid Conference of 1991 if the resolution
were revoked.[178]
The
United States
United States ... does not acknowledge, it will not abide by, it
will never acquiesce in this infamous act… The lie is that Zionism
is a form of racism. The overwhelmingly clear truth is that it is not.
— Daniel Patrick Moynihan, speaking in the UN General Assembly
after
Resolution 3379
Resolution 3379 was passed, 1975.[176]
Arab
Arab countries sought to associate
Zionism
Zionism with racism in connection
with a 2001 UN conference on racism, which took place in Durban, South
Africa,[179] which caused the
United States
United States and
Israel
Israel to walk away
from the conference as a response. The final text of the conference
did not connect
Zionism
Zionism with racism. A human rights forum arranged in
connection with the conference, on the other hand, did equate Zionism
with racism and censured
Israel
Israel for what it called "racist crimes,
including acts of genocide and ethnic cleansing".[180]
Supporters of Zionism, such as Chaim Herzog, argue that the movement
is non-discriminatory and contains no racist aspects.[181]
Haredi
Judaism
Judaism and Zionism
See also: Haredim and Zionism
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Many Haredi Orthodox organizations oppose Zionism; they view Zionism
as a secular movement. They reject nationalism as a doctrine and
consider
Judaism
Judaism to be first and foremost a religion that is not
dependent on a state. However, some Haredi movements (such as Shas
since 2010) do openly affiliate with the Zionist movement.
Haredi rabbis do not consider
Israel
Israel to be a halachic Jewish state
because it has secular government. But they take responsibility for
ensuring that
Jews
Jews maintain religious ideals and, since most Israeli
citizens are Jews, they pursue this agenda within Israel. Others
reject any possibility of a Jewish state, since according to them a
Jewish state is completely forbidden by Jewish religious law. In their
view a
Jewish state is considered an oxymoron.
Two Haredi parties run candidates in Israeli elections. They are
sometimes associated with views that could be regarded as nationalist
or Zionist. They prefer coalitions with more nationalist Zionist
parties, probably because these are more interested in enhancing the
Jewish nature of the Israeli state. The Sephardi-Orthodox party Shas
rejected association with the Zionist movement; however, in 2010 it
joined the World Zionist Organization. Its voters generally identify
as Zionist, and
Knesset
Knesset members frequently pursue what others might
consider a Zionist agenda.
Shas
Shas has supported territorial compromise
with the Arabs and Palestinians, but it generally opposes compromise
over Jewish holy sites.
The non-Hasidic or 'Lithuanian' Haredi Ashkenazi world is represented
by the Ashkenazi Agudat Israel/UTJ party. It has always avoided
association with the Zionist movement and usually avoids voting on or
discussing issues related to peace, because its members do not serve
in the army. The party works to ensure that
Israel
Israel and
Israeli law are
in tune with the halacha, on issues such as
Shabbat
Shabbat rest. The
rabbinical leaders of the so-called
Litvishe world in current and past
generations, such as
Rabbi
Rabbi
Elazar Menachem Shach
Elazar Menachem Shach and
Rabbi
Rabbi Avigdor
Miller, are strongly opposed to all forms of Zionism, religious and
secular. But they allow members to participate in Israeli political
life, including both passive and active participation in elections.
Many other Hasidic groups in Jerusalem, most famously the Satmar
Hasidim, as well as the larger movement they are part of, the Edah
HaChareidis, are strongly anti-Zionist. One of the best known Hasidic
opponents of all forms of modern political
Zionism
Zionism was Hungarian rebbe
and Talmudic scholar Joel Teitelbaum. In his view, the current State
of
Israel
Israel is contrariwise to Judaism, because it was founded by people
who included some anti-religious personalities, and were in apparent
violation of the traditional notion that
Jews
Jews should wait for the
Jewish Messiah.
Teitelbaum referred to core citations from classical Judaic sources in
his arguments against modern Zionism; specifically a passage in the
Talmud, in which
Rabbi
Rabbi Yosi b'Rebbi Hanina explains (Kesubos 111a)
that the Lord imposed "Three Oaths" on the nation of Israel: a) Israel
should not return to the Land together, by force; b)
Israel
Israel should not
rebel against the other nations; and c) The nations should not
subjugate
Israel
Israel too harshly. According to Teitelbaum, the second oath
is relevant concerning the subsequent wars fought between
Israel
Israel and
Arab
Arab nations.
Other opponent groups among the
Edah HaChareidis
Edah HaChareidis were Dushinsky,
Toldos Aharon, Toldos Avrohom Yitzchok, Spinka, and others. They
number in the tens of thousands in Jerusalem, and hundreds of
thousands worldwide.
Two
Neturei Karta
Neturei Karta members join in a large anti-
Israel
Israel demonstration in
Berlin, alongside Iranian and
Hezbollah
Hezbollah flags.
The Neturei Karta, an Orthodox Haredi religious movement, strongly
oppose Zionism, considering
Israel
Israel a "racist regime".[182] They are
viewed as a cult on the "farthest fringes of Judaism" by most
mainstream Jews;[183] the
Jewish Virtual Library
Jewish Virtual Library puts their numbers at
5,000,[184] but the
Anti-Defamation League
Anti-Defamation League estimates that fewer than
100 members of the community actually take part in anti-Israel
activism.[183] The movement equates
Zionism
Zionism to Nazism,[185] believes
that Zionist ideology is contrary to the teachings of the Torah,[186]
and also blames
Zionism
Zionism for increases in antisemitism.[187] Members of
Neturei Karta
Neturei Karta have a long history of extremist statements and support
for notable anti-Semites and Islamic extremists.[183]
The
Chabad-Lubavitch
Chabad-Lubavitch Hasidic movement traditionally did not identify
as Zionist, but has adopted a Zionist agenda since the late 20th
century, opposing any territorial compromise in Israel.[citation
needed]
Anti-Zionism
Anti-Zionism or Antisemitism
Main articles:
Anti-Zionism
Anti-Zionism §
Anti-Zionism
Anti-Zionism and antisemitism, and
New Antisemitism
Some critics of anti-
Zionism
Zionism have argued that opposition to Zionism
can be hard to distinguish from antisemitism,[188][189][190][191][192]
and that criticism of
Israel
Israel may be used as an excuse to express
viewpoints that might otherwise be considered antisemitic.[193][194]
Martin Luther King Jr.
Martin Luther King Jr. condemned anti-
Zionism
Zionism as antisemitic.[195]
Other scholars argue that certain forms of opposition to Zionism
constitute antisemitism.[191] A number of scholars have argued that
opposition to
Zionism
Zionism and/or the State of Israel's policies at the
more extreme fringes often overlaps with antisemitism.[191] In the
Arab
Arab world, the words "Jew" and "Zionist" are often used
interchangeably. To avoid accusations of antisemitism, the Palestine
Liberation Organization has historically avoided using the word
"Jewish" in favor using "Zionist," though
PLO
PLO officials have sometimes
slipped.[196]
Some antisemites have alleged that
Zionism
Zionism was, or is, part of a
Jewish plot to take control of the world.[197] One particular version
of these allegations, "The Protocols of the Elders of Zion" (subtitle
"Protocols extracted from the secret archives of the central chancery
of Zion") achieved global notability. The protocols are fictional
minutes of an imaginary meeting by Jewish leaders of this plot.
Analysis and proof of their fraudulent origin goes as far back as
1921.[198] A 1920 German version renamed them "The Zionist
Protocols".[199] The protocols were extensively used as propaganda by
the Nazis and remain widely distributed in the
Arab
Arab world. They are
referred to in the 1988 Hamas charter.[200]
There are examples of anti-Zionists using accusations, slanders,
imagery and tactics previously associated with antisemites. On October
21, 1973, the then-Soviet ambassador to the
United Nations
United Nations Yakov Malik
declared: "The Zionists have come forth with the theory of the Chosen
People, an absurd ideology." Similarly, an exhibit about
Zionism
Zionism and
Israel
Israel in the former Museum of Religion and Atheism in Saint
Petersburg designated the following as Soviet Zionist material: Jewish
prayer shawls, tefillin and
Passover
Passover Hagaddahs,[201] even though these
are all religious items used by
Jews
Jews for thousands of years.[202]
On the other hand, anti-Zionist writers such as Noam Chomsky, Norman
Finkelstein, Michael Marder, and
Tariq Ali
Tariq Ali have argued that the
characterization of anti-
Zionism
Zionism as antisemitic is inaccurate, that it
sometimes obscures legitimate criticism of Israel's policies and
actions, and that it is sometimes used as a political ploy in order to
stifle legitimate criticism of Israel.
Professor
Noam Chomsky
Noam Chomsky argues: "There have long been efforts to
identify anti-Semitism and anti-
Zionism
Zionism in an effort to exploit
anti-racist sentiment for political ends; "one of the chief tasks of
any dialogue with the
Gentile world is to prove that the distinction
between anti-Semitism and anti-
Zionism
Zionism is not a distinction at all,"
Israeli diplomat Abba Eban argued, in a typical expression of this
intellectually and morally disreputable position (Eban, Congress
Bi-Weekly, March 30, 1973). But that no longer suffices. It is now
necessary to identify criticism of Israeli policies as
anti-Semitism — or in the case of Jews, as "self-hatred," so
that all possible cases are covered." — Chomsky, 1989
"Necessary Illusions".
Philosopher
Michael Marder
Michael Marder argues: "To deconstruct
Zionism
Zionism is ... to
demand justice for its victims - not only for the Palestinians, who
are suffering from it, but also for the anti-Zionist Jews, "erased"
from the officially consecrated account of Zionist history. By
deconstructing its ideology, we shed light on the context it strives
to repress and on the violence it legitimises with a mix of
theological or metaphysical reasoning and affective appeals to
historical guilt for the undeniably horrific persecution of Jewish
people in
Europe
Europe and elsewhere."[203][204]
American political scientist
Norman Finkelstein
Norman Finkelstein argues that
anti-
Zionism
Zionism and often just criticism of Israeli policies have been
conflated with antisemitism, sometimes called new antisemitism for
political gain: "Whenever
Israel
Israel faces a public relations débâcle
such as the Intifada or international pressure to resolve the
Israel-Palestine conflict, American Jewish organizations orchestrate
this extravaganza called the 'new anti-Semitism.' The purpose is
several-fold. First, it is to discredit any charges by claiming the
person is an anti-Semite. It's to turn
Jews
Jews into the victims, so that
the victims are not the Palestinians any longer. As people like
Abraham Foxman of the ADL put it, the
Jews
Jews are being threatened by a
new holocaust. It's a role reversal — the
Jews
Jews are now the
victims, not the Palestinians. So it serves the function of
discrediting the people leveling the charge. It's no longer Israel
that needs to leave the Occupied Territories; it's the Arabs who need
to free themselves of the anti-Semitism. — [205]
Tariq Ali, a British-Pakistani historian and political activist,
argues that the concept of new antisemitism amounts to an attempt to
subvert the language in the interests of the State of Israel. He
writes that the campaign against "the supposed new 'anti-semitism'" in
modern
Europe
Europe is a "cynical ploy on the part of the Israeli Government
to seal off the Zionist state from any criticism of its regular and
consistent brutality against the Palestinians ... Criticism of
Israel
Israel can not and should not be equated with anti-semitism." He
argues that most pro-Palestinian, anti-Zionist groups that emerged
after the
Six-Day War
Six-Day War were careful to observe the distinction between
anti-
Zionism
Zionism and antisemitism. — [206]
Marcus Garvey
Marcus Garvey and Black Zionism
See also: Alliance of Black
Jews
Jews and Back-to-
Africa
Africa movement
Zionist success in winning British support for the formation of a
Jewish National Home
Jewish National Home in Palestine helped inspire the Jamaican Black
nationalist
Marcus Garvey
Marcus Garvey to form a movement dedicated to returning
Americans of African origin to Africa. During a speech in
Harlem
Harlem in
1920, Garvey stated: "other races were engaged in seeing their cause
through—the
Jews
Jews through their Zionist movement and the Irish
through their Irish movement—and I decided that, cost what it might,
I would make this a favorable time to see the Negro's interest
through."[207] Garvey established a shipping company, the Black Star
Line, to allow Black Americans to emigrate to Africa, but for various
reasons he failed in his endeavour.
Garvey helped inspire the
Rastafari movement
.svg/440px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_(1897-1936;_1941-1974).svg.png)
Rastafari movement in Jamaica, the Black
Jews[208] and the African Hebrew
Israelites
Israelites of
Jerusalem
Jerusalem who initially
moved to
Liberia
Liberia before settling in Israel.
See also
History portal
Israel
Israel portal
Judaism
Judaism portal
Palestine portal
Politics portal
American Council for Judaism
Gathering of Israel
List of Zionist figures
Yehud Medinata
Jewish Agency for Israel
References
Explanatory notes
^ According to Cohen (1948), however, Nasi was forced by the Ottoman
Sultan
Mehmed IV
.jpg/440px-Sultan_Mehmed_IV_(2).jpg)
Mehmed IV to visit him, where, in the presence of the Sultan
and to the surprise of his followers, Nasi converted to Islam.
Citations
^ a b Motyl 2001, pp. 604..
^ Herzl, Theodor (1988) [1896]. "Biography, by Alex Bein". Der
Judenstaat
Judenstaat [The Jewish state]. Translated by Sylvie d'Avigdor
(republication ed.). New York: Courier Dover. p. 40.
ISBN 978-0-486-25849-2. Retrieved September 28, 2010.
^ "Zionism". Oxford Dictionary. Retrieved June 30, 2016.
^ "
Zionism
Zionism nationalistic movement". Retrieved June 30, 2016.
^
Ben-Ami Shillony (24 January 2012).
Jews
Jews & the Japanese: The
Successful Outsiders. Tuttle Publishing. p. 88.
ISBN 978-1-4629-0396-2. '(Zionism) arose in response to and in
imitation of the current national movements of Central, Southern, and
Eastern Europe.'
^ LeVine, Mark; Mossberg, Mathias (2014). One Land, Two States: Israel
and Palestine as Parallel States. University of California Press.
p. 211. ISBN 978-0-520-95840-1. The parents of
Zionism
Zionism were
not
Judaism
Judaism and tradition, but antiSemitism and nationalism. The
ideals of the
French Revolution
French Revolution spread slowly across Europe, finally
reaching the
Pale of Settlement
.jpg/440px-Map_showing_the_percentage_of_Jews_in_the_Pale_of_Settlement_and_Congress_Poland,_The_Jewish_Encyclopedia_(1905).jpg)
Pale of Settlement in the
Russian Empire
Russian Empire and helping to
set off the Haskalah, or Jewish Enlightenment. This engendered a
permanent split in the Jewish world, between those who held to a
halachic or religious-centric vision of their identity and those who
adopted in part the racial rhetoric of the time and made the Jewish
people into a nation. This was helped along by the wave of pogroms in
Eastern Europe
Eastern Europe that set two million
Jews
Jews to flight; most wound up in
America, but some chose Palestine. A driving force behind this was the
Hovevei
Zion
Zion movement, which worked from 1882 to develop a Hebrew
identity that was distinct from
Judaism
Judaism as a religion.
^ Gelvin, James L. (January 13, 2014). The Israel-Palestine Conflict:
One Hundred Years of War. Cambridge University Press. p. 93.
ISBN 978-1-107-47077-4. The fact that Palestinian nationalism
developed later than
Zionism
Zionism and indeed in response to it does not in
any way diminish the legitimacy of
Palestinian nationalism
Palestinian nationalism or make it
less valid than Zionism. All nationalisms arise in opposition to some
"other". Why else would there be the need to specify who you are? And
all nationalisms are defined by what they oppose. As we have seen,
Zionism
Zionism itself arose in reaction to anti-Semitic and exclusionary
nationalist movements in Europe. It would be perverse to judge Zionism
as somehow less valid than European anti-Semitism or those
nationalisms. Furthermore,
Zionism
Zionism itself was also defined by its
opposition to the indigenous Palestinian inhabitants of the region.
Both the "conquest of land" and the "conquest of labor" slogans that
became central to the dominant strain of
Zionism
Zionism in the Yishuv
originated as a result of the Zionist confrontation with the
Palestinian "other".
^ Cohen, Robin (1995). The Cambridge Survey of World Migration.
Cambridge University Press. p. 504.
^ Gelvin, James (2007). The Israel–Palestine Conflict: One Hundred
Years of War (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 51.
ISBN 0521888352.
^ Ilan Pappe, The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine, 2006, p.10–11
^ Ahad Ha'am, The Jewish State and Jewish Problem, trans. from the
Hebrew by Leon Simon c 1912, Jewish Publication Society of America,
Essential Texts of
Zionism
Zionism [1]
^
Israel
Israel Affairs - Volume 13, Issue 4, 2007 -
Special
Special Issue:
Postcolonial Theory and the Arab-
Israel
Israel Conflict - De-Judaizing the
Homeland: Academic Politics in Rewriting the History of Palestine - S.
Ilan Troen
^ Aaronson, Ran (1996). "Settlement in Eretz
Israel
Israel – A Colonialist
Enterprise? "Critical" Scholarship and Historical Geography". Israel
Studies. Indiana University Press. 1 (2): 214–229. Retrieved July
30, 2013.
^ "
Zionism
Zionism and British imperialism II: Imperial financing in
Palestine", Journal of Israeli History: Politics, Society, Culture.
Volume 30, Issue 2, 2011 - pages 115–139 - Michael J. Cohen
^ a b c
Shafir, Gershon, Being Israeli: The Dynamics of Multiple Citizenship,
Cambridge University Press, 2002, pp 37–38
Bareli, Avi, "Forgetting Europe: Perspectives on the Debate about
Zionism
Zionism and Colonialism", in Israeli Historical Revisionism: From Left
to Right, Psychology Press, 2003, pp 99–116
Pappé Ilan, A History of Modern Palestine: One Land, Two Peoples,
Cambridge University Press, 2006, pp 72–121
Prior, Michael, The
Bible
.jpg/360px-Conversion_on_the_Way_to_Damascus-Caravaggio_(c.1600-1).jpg)
Bible and colonialism: a moral critique, Continuum
International Publishing Group, 1997, pp 106–215
Shafir, Gershon, "
Zionism
Zionism and Colonialism", in The
Israel
Israel /
Palestinian Question, by Ilan Pappe, Psychology Press, 1999, pp
72–85
Lustick, Ian, For the Land and the Lord …
Zuriek, Elia, The Palestinians in Israel: A Study in Internal
Colonialism, Routledge & K. Paul, 1979
Penslar, Derek J., "Zionism,
Colonialism
Colonialism and Postcolonialism", in
Israeli Historical Revisionism: From Left to Right, Psychology Press,
2003, pp 85–98
Pappe, Ilan, The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine, Oneworld, 2007
Masalha, Nur (2007), The
Bible
Bible and Zionism: invented traditions,
archaeology and post-colonialism in Palestine-Israel, 1, Zed Books,
p. 16
Thomas, Baylis (2011), The Dark Side of Zionism: Israel's Quest for
Security Through Dominance, Lexington Books, p. 4
Prior, Michael (1999),
Zionism
Zionism and the State of Israel: A Moral
Inquiry, Psychology Press, p. 240
^ a b
Zionism, imperialism, and race, Abdul Wahhab Kayyali, ʻAbd al-Wahhāb
Kayyālī (Eds), Croom Helm, 1979
Gerson, Allan, "The
United Nations
United Nations and Racism: the Case of
Zionism
Zionism and
Racism", in
Israel
Israel Yearbook on Human Rights 1987, Volume 17; Volume
1987, Yoram Dinstein, Mala Tabory (Eds), Martinus Nijhoff Publishers,
1988, p 68
Hadawi, Sami, Bitter harvest: a modern history of Palestine, Interlink
Books, 1991, p 183
Beker, Avi, Chosen: the history of an idea, the anatomy of an
obsession, Macmillan, 2008, p 131, 139, 151
Dinstein, Yoram,
Israel
Israel Yearbook on Human Rights 1987, Volume 17;
Volume 1987, p 31, 136ge
Harkabi, Yehoshafat,
Arab
Arab attitudes to Israel, pp 247–8
^ See for example: M. Shahid Alam (2010), Israeli Exceptionalism: The
Destabilizing Logic of
Zionism
Zionism Paperback, or "Through the Looking
Glass: The Myth of Israeli Exceptionalism", Huffington Post
^
Nur Masalha
Nur Masalha (September 15, 2007). The
Bible
Bible and Zionism: Invented
Traditions, Archaeology and Post-
Colonialism
Colonialism in Palestine- Israel. Zed
Books. p. 314. ISBN 978-1-84277-761-9.
^ Ned Curthoys; Debjani Ganguly (2007). Edward Said: The Legacy of a
Public Intellectual. Academic Monographs. p. 315.
ISBN 978-0-522-85357-5. Retrieved May 12, 2013.
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first put forward by Joseph Chamberlain, the British colonial
secretary, who said that he had thought about Herzl during a recent
visit to the interior of British East Africa. Herzl, who at that time
had been discussing with the British a scheme for Jewish settlement in
Sinai, responded positively to Chamberlain's proposal, in part because
of a desire to deepen Zionist-British cooperaion and, more generally
to show that his diplomatic efforts were capable of bearing
fruit.
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Jews swayed and prayed for Zion
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their descendants had transformed liturgical longing into a political
movement to create a Jewish national entity somewhere in the world.
Zionism'sprophet, Theodor Herzl, considered Argentina, Cyprus,
Mesopotamia, Mozambique, and the Sinai Peninsula as potential Jewish
homelands. It took nearly a decade for
Zionism
Zionism to exdusively
concentrate its spiritual yearning on the spatial coordinates of
Ottoman Palestine.
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Lands Before Israel. NYU Press. p. 81.
ISBN 978-1-4798-1748-1. On the afternoon of the fourth day of the
Congress a weary Nordau brought three resolutions before the
delegates: (1) that the Zionist Organization direct all future
settlement efforts solely to Palestine; (2) that the Zionist
Organization thank the British government for its other of an
autonomous territory in East Africa; and (3) that only those
Jews
Jews who
declare their allegiance to the
Basel
Basel Program may become members of
the Zionist Organization." Zangwill objected… When Nordau insisted
on the Congress’s right to pass the resolutions regardless, Zangwill
was outraged. “You will be charged before the bar of history,” he
challenged Nordau… From approximately 1:30 p.m. on Sunday, July 30,
1905, a Zionist would henceforth he defined as someone who adhered to
the
Basel
Basel Program and the only “authentic interpretation” of that
program restricted settlement activity exclusively to Palestine.
Zangwill and his supporters could not accept Nordau’s “authentic
interpretation" which they believed would lead to an abandonment of
the Jewish masses and of Herzl’s vision. One territorialist claimed
that Ussishkin’s voting bloc had in fact “buried political
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in 1948 (expulsion and the destruction of villages and towns)" (...)
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historians' in
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Israel bore
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the end of 1944 and during 1945, Ben-Gurion cited the plan to enable
one million refugees to enter Palestine immediately as the primary
goal and top priority of the Zionist movement.
^ Hakohen 2003, p. 46: "After independence, the government
presented the
Knesset
Knesset with a plan to double the Jewish population
within four years. This meant bringing in 600,000 immigrants in a
four-year period. or 150,000 per year. Absorbing 150,000 newcomers
annually under the trying conditions facing the new state was a heavy
burden indeed. Opponents in the Jewish Agency and the government of
mass immigration argued that there was no justification for organizing
large-scale emigration among
Jews
Jews whose lives were not in danger,
particularly when the desire and motivation were not their own."
^ Hakohen 2003, p. 246–247: "Both the immigrants' dependence
and the circumstances of their arrival shaped the attitude of the host
society. The great wave of immigration in 1948 did not occur
spontaneously: it was the result of a clear-cut foreign policy
decision that taxed the country financially and necessitated a major
organizational effort. Many absorption activists, Jewish Agency
executives, and government officials opposed unlimited, nonselective
immigration; they favored a gradual process geared to the country's
absorptive capacity. Throughout this period, two charges resurfaced at
every public debate: one, that the absorption process caused undue
hardship; two, that Israel's immigration policy was misguided."
^ Hakohen 2003, p. 47: "But as head of the government, entrusted
with choosing the cabinet and steering its activities, Ben-Gurion had
tremendous power over the country's social development. His prestige
soared to new heights after the founding of the state and the
impressive victory of the IDF in the War of Independence. As prime
minister and minister of defense in Israel's first administration, as
well as the uncontested leader of the country's largest political
party, his opinions carried enormous weight. Thus, despite resistance
from some of his cabinet members, he remained unflagging in his
enthusiasm for unrestricted mass immigration and resolved to put this
policy into effect."
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passed to limit immigration from European and
Arab
Arab countries alike.
However, these limits were never put into practice, mainly due to the
opposition of Ben-Gurion. As a driving force in the emergency of the
state, Ben-Gurion—both prime minister and minister of
defense—carried enormous weight with his veto. His insistence on the
right of every Jew to immigrate proved victorious. He would not allow
himself to be swayed by financial or other considerations. It was he
who orchestrated the large-scale action that enabled the
Jews
Jews to leave
Eastern Europe
Eastern Europe and Islamic countries, and it was he who effectively
forged Israel's foreign policy. Through a series of clandestine
activities carried out overseas by the Foreign Office, the Jewish
Agency, the
Mossad
Mossad le-Aliyah, and the Joint Distribution Committee,
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^ *Penslar, Derek,
Israel
Israel in History: The Jewish State in Comparative
Perspective, Taylor & Francis, 2007, p 56.
^ Laquer, Walter (1972). A History of Zionism. Random House.
pp. 231–232.
^ Pappe, Ilan, The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine, Oneworld, 2007
^ Rane, Halim.
Islam
Islam and Contemporary Civilisation. Academic
Monographs, 2010. ISBN 978-0-522-85728-3. p. 198
^ Shavit, Ari. "Survival of the Fittest (an interview with Historian
Benny Morris)". Haaretz, Magazine Section, January 9, 2004. Retrieved
February 2, 2015.
^
Khallidi, Walid, "Plan Dalet: The Zionist Master Plan for the Conquest
of Palestine", in Middle East Forum, no. 22, Nov 1961, p 27.
Weisburd, David, Jewish Settler Violence, Penn State Press, 1985, pp
20–52
Lustick, Ian, "Israel's Dangerous Fundamentalists", Foreign Policy, 68
(Fall 1987), pp 118–139
Tessler, Mark, "Religion and Politics in the Jewish State of Israel",
in Religious Resurgence and Politics in the Contemporary World, (Emile
Sahliyeh, Ed)., SUNY Press, 1990, pp 263–296.
Horowitz, Elliott S. (2006). Reckless rites: Purim and the legacy of
Jewish violence. Princeton University Press. pp. 6–11.
ISBN 0-691-12491-4.
Rayner, John D. (1997). An Understanding of Judaism. p. 57.
ISBN 1-57181-971-1.
Saleh Abdel Jawad (2007) "Zionist Massacres: the Creation of the
Palestinian Refugee Problem in the 1948 War" in
Israel
Israel and the
Palestinian refugees, Eyal Benvenistî, Chaim Gans, Sari Hanafi
(Eds.), Springer, p. 78:
".. the Zionist movement, which claims to be secular, found it
necessary to embrace the idea of 'the promised land' of Old Testament
prophecy, to justify the confiscation of land and the expulsion of the
Palestinians. For example, the speeches and letter of Chaim Weizman,
the secular Zionist leader, are filled with references to the biblical
origins of the Jewish claim to Palestine, which he often mixes
liberally with more pragmatic and nationalistic claims. By the use of
this premise, embraced in 1937, Zionists alleged that the Palestinians
were usurpers in the Promised Land, and therefore their expulsion and
death was justified. The Jewish-American writer Dan Kurzman, in his
book Genesis 1948 … describes the view of one of the Deir Yassin's
killers: 'The Sternists followed the instructions of the
Bible
Bible more
rigidly than others. They honored the passage (Exodus 22:2): 'If a
thief be found …' This meant, of course, that killing a thief was
not really murder. And were not the enemies of
Zionism
Zionism thieves, who
wanted to steal from the
Jews
Jews what God had granted them?'"
Ehrlich, Carl. S., (1999) "Joshua, Judaism, and Genocide", in Jewish
Studies at the Turn of the Twentieth Century, Judit Targarona Borrás,
Ángel Sáenz-Badillos (Eds). 1999, Brill. p 117–124.
Hirst, David, The Gun and the Olive Branch: The Roots of Violence in
the Middle East. 1984, p 139.
Lorch, Netanel, The Edge of the Sword: Israel's War of Independence,
1947–1949, Putnam, 1961, p 87
Pappe, Ilan, The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine, Oneworld, 2007, p 88
^ William R. Slomanson. 'Fundamental Perspectives on International
Law. p. 50
^ Bishku, Michael B. (February 12, 2011). "India's
Israel
Israel Policy
(review)". The Middle East Journal. 65 (1): 169–170. Retrieved March
12, 2018 – via Project MUSE.
^ Karsh, Efraim (1997). Fabricating Israeli History. Frank Cass.
p. 55.
^ Sarig, Mordechai (1999). The Social and Political Philosophy of
Ze'ev Jabotinsky. Valletine Mitchell. p. 50.
^ shlaim, Avi (June 9, 1994). "It can be done". London Review of
Books. 16 (11): 26–27. Retrieved October 16, 2012.
^
Korey, William, Russian antisemitism, Pamyat, and the demonology of
Zionism, Psychology Press, 1995, pp 33–34
Beker, Avi, Chosen: the history of an idea, the anatomy of an
obsession, Macmillan, 2008, pp 139
Shimoni, Gideon, Community and conscience: the
Jews
Jews in apartheid South
Africa, UPNE, 2003, p 167
^ Perednik, Gustavo. "Judeophobia". The Coordination Forum for
Countering Antisemitism.
".. This identity is often explicitly worded by its spokespersons.
Thus, Yakov Malik, the Soviet ambassador to the UN, declared in 1973:
“The Zionists have come forward with the theory of the Chosen
People, an absurd ideology.” (As it is well known, the biblical
concept of “Chosen People” is part of Judaism;
Zionism
Zionism has nothing
to do with it). "
^ Resolution 3151 G (XXVIII) of December 14, 1973 by the UN General
Assembly
^
Israel
Israel and Black Africa: A Rapprochement? Ethan A. Nadelmann.
Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 19, No. 2 (Jun. 1981), pp.
183–219
^ McGreal, Chris (February 7, 2006). "Brothers in arms - Israel's
secret pact with Pretoria". the Guardian. Retrieved March 12,
2018.
^ "UN envoy hits
Israel
Israel 'apartheid'". February 23, 2007. Retrieved
March 12, 2018 – via news.bbc.co.uk.
^ Baram, Daphna (February 17, 2009). "Daphna Baram: It's time to
rethink Zionism". the Guardian. Retrieved March 12, 2018.
^
Zionism
Zionism as a Racist Ideology, by Kathleen and Bill Christinson
(Counterpunch, November 8 / 9, 2003) Archived June 16, 2010, at the
Wayback Machine.
^
UN General Assembly
UN General Assembly Resolution 3379, Racial
Discrimination
Discrimination (Council
on Foreign Relations, November 10, 1975) Archived January 30, 2012, at
the Wayback Machine.
^ a b Troy, Gil (2012). Moynihan's Moment: America's Fight Against
Zionism
Zionism as Racism. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 368.
ISBN 9780196360331.
^ 260 General Assembly Resolution 46-86- Revocation of Resolution
3379- December 16, 1991 — and statement by President Herzog Dec
16, 1991, VOLUME 11–12: 1988–1992 Archived June 3, 2011, at the
Wayback Machine.
^ Frum, David (2000). How We Got Here: The '70s. New York, New York:
Basic Books. p. 320. ISBN 0-465-04195-7.
^ "Anger over
Zionism
Zionism debate". September 4, 2001. Retrieved March 12,
2018 – via news.bbc.co.uk.
^ "US abandons racism summit". September 3, 2001. Retrieved March 12,
2018 – via news.bbc.co.uk.
^ Israeli Ambassador Chaim Herzog's Response To
Zionism
Zionism Is Racism
Resolution. November 10, 1975. "You dare talk of racism when I can
point with pride to the
Arab
Arab ministers who have served in my
government; to the
Arab
Arab deputy speaker of my Parliament; to Arab
officers and men serving of their own volition in our border and
police defense forces, frequently commanding Jewish troops; to the
hundreds of thousands of Arabs from all over the Middle East crowding
the cities of
Israel
Israel every year; to the thousands of Arabs from all
over the Middle East coming for medical treatment to Israel; to the
peaceful coexistence which has developed; to the fact that Arabic is
an official language in
Israel
Israel on a par with Hebrew; to the fact that
it is as natural for an
Arab
Arab to serve in public office in
Israel
Israel as it
is incongruous to think of a Jew serving in any public office in an
Arab
Arab country, indeed being admitted to many of them. Is that racism?
It is not! That, Mr. President, is Zionism."
^ "We oppose the Zionists and their 'state' Archived May 15, 2011, at
the Wayback Machine. vigorously and we continue our prayers for the
dismantlement of the Zionist 'state' and peace to the world."
Rabbi
Rabbi E
Weissfish, Neturei Karta, Representatives of Orthodox Jewry, US,
London, Palestine and worldwide.
^ a b c Neturei Karta: What is it? Archived October 29, 2012, at the
Wayback Machine.
^ "Neturei Karta". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved March 12,
2018.
^ "The Great Gulf Between
Zionism
Zionism and Judaism", Paper delivered by G.
J. Neuberger, a member of Neturei Karta, at the Tripoli Conference on
Zionism
Zionism and Racism.
^ "What is Zionism?" Archived November 14, 2010, at the Wayback
Machine.
Jews
Jews against Zionism.
^ "
Zionism
Zionism promotes antisemitism" Archived November 24, 2010, at the
Wayback Machine.,
Jews
Jews against Zionism
^ Laquer, Walter (2003). A History of Zionism. Random House.
p. XXiii.
^ Ottolenghi, Emanuele (November 29, 2003). "
Anti-Zionism
Anti-Zionism is
anti-semitism". The Guardian. London. Retrieved November 29,
2003.
^ "
Anti-Zionism
Anti-Zionism and Anti-Semitism".
Jerusalem
Jerusalem Center for Public
Affairs. Fall 2004. Retrieved November 17, 2012.
^ a b c Anti-semitism in Germany: the post-Nazi epoch since 1945 By
Werner Bergmann, Rainer Erb, page 182, "Continuity and Change: Extreme
Right Perceptions of Zionism" by Roni Stauber in Anti-semitism
worldwide 1999/2000 Tel Aviv University
^ Marcus, Kenneth L. (2007), "
Anti-Zionism
Anti-Zionism as Racism: Campus
Anti-Semitism and the Civil Rights Act of 1964", William & Mary
Bill of Rights Journal, 15 (3): 837–891
^ Temko, Ned (October 17, 2006). "Critics of
Israel
Israel 'fuelling hatred
of British Jews'". The Guardian. London.
^ "H-Antisemitism" (PDF). H-Net. Retrieved January 22, 2016.
^ Dr. King (January 20, 2003). "
Anti-Zionism
Anti-Zionism Is Anti-Semitism".
FrontPage Magazine. Retrieved July 12, 2014.
^ Mitchell, Thomas G. (2000). Native vs. Settler. Greenwood Press.
p. 48. To most Arabs the terms Jew or Jewish and Zionist are
interchangeable. After the introduction of European anti-Semitism into
the
Arab
Arab world in the thirties and forties through the Axis powers,
Arab
Arab propaganda has displayed many classic Nazi anti-Semitic claims
about the Jews. For public relations purposes the
PLO
PLO has never wanted
to be accused of being anti-Semitic but rather only of being
anti-Zionist. Occasionally its leaders slip, as Arafat did when he
referred to the "Jewish invasion" in his speech.
^ Norman Cohn, Warrant for Genocide, Serif 2001 chapter 3
^ "A Hoax of Hate". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved March 12,
2018.
^ Norman Cohn, Warrant for Genocide, Serif 2001 page 75-76
^ Hamas charter, article 32: "The Zionist plan is limitless. After
Palestine, the Zionists aspire to expand from the Nile to the
Euphrates. When they will have digested the region they overtook, they
will aspire to further expansion, and so on. Their plan is embodied in
the "Protocols of the Elders of Zion" ..."
^ Korey, W., "Updating the Protocols," Midstream, May 1970, p. 17.
^ Prager, D; Telushkin, J. Why the Jews?: The Reason for Antisemitism.
New York: Simon & Schuster, 1983. page 169-175.
^ Marder, Michael. "Here is why deconstructing
Zionism
Zionism is important".
www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved March 12, 2018.
^ Vattimo, Gianni; Marder, Michael, eds. (November 21, 2013).
"Deconstructing Zionism: A Critique of Political Metaphysics".
Bloomsbury Academic. Retrieved March 12, 2018 – via Amazon.
^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on June 25, 2009.
Retrieved June 25, 2009.
^ Ali, Tariq. "Notes on Anti-Semitism,
Zionism
Zionism and Palestine" Archived
December 7, 2010, at the Wayback Machine., Counterpunch, March 4,
2004, first published in il manifesto, February 26, 2004.
^
Negro World
Negro World March 6, 1920, cited in University of California, Los
Angeles (accessed November 29, 2007)
^ BlackJews.org — A Project of the International Board of
Rabbis Archived October 30, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
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Zionism from Herzl to the Holocaust
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Note: Forms of nationalism based primarily on ethnic groups are listed
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ethnicity subscribe to that form of ethnic nationalism.
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Zionism
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