morphology Morphology, from the Greek and meaning "study of shape", may refer to: Disciplines * Morphology (archaeology), study of the shapes or forms of artifacts * Morphology (astronomy), study of the shape of astronomical objects such as nebulae, galaxies ...

, a null morpheme or zero morpheme is a

morpheme A morpheme is the smallest meaningful constituent of a linguistic expression. The field of linguistic study dedicated to morphemes is called morphology. In English, morphemes are often but not necessarily words. Morphemes that stand alone are ...

that has no phonetic form. In simpler terms, a null morpheme is an "invisible" affix. It is a concept useful for analysis, by contrasting null morphemes with alternatives that do have some phonetic realization. The null morpheme is represented as either the figure zero (''0'') or the empty set symbol ∅. In most languages, it is the affixes that are realized as null morphemes, indicating that the derived form does not differ from the stem. For example, plural form ''sheep'' can be analyzed as combination of ''sheep'' with added null affix for the plural. The process of adding a null affix is called ''null affixation'', ''null derivation'' or ''zero derivation''. The concept was first used by the 4th century BCE

Sanskrit grammarian Sanskrit (; attributively , ; nominally , , ) is a classical language belonging to the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European languages. It arose in South Asia after its predecessor languages had diffused there from the northwest in the late ...

from ancient India,

Pāṇini , era = ;;6th–5th century BCE , region = Indian philosophy , main_interests = Grammar, linguistics , notable_works = ' ( Classical Sanskrit) , influenced= , notable_ideas=Descriptive linguistics (Devanaga ...

, in his

Sanskrit Sanskrit (; attributively , ; nominally , , ) is a classical language belonging to the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European languages. It arose in South Asia after its predecessor languages had diffused there from the northwest in the late ...

grammar In linguistics, the grammar of a natural language is its set of structural constraints on speakers' or writers' composition of clauses, phrases, and words. The term can also refer to the study of such constraints, a field that includes domain ...

In English

Inflection

The existence of a null morpheme in a

word A word is a basic element of language that carries an objective or practical meaning, can be used on its own, and is uninterruptible. Despite the fact that language speakers often have an intuitive grasp of what a word is, there is no conse ...

can also be theorized by contrast with other forms of the same word showing alternative morphemes. For example, the singular number of English

noun A noun () is a word that generally functions as the name of a specific object or set of objects, such as living creatures, places, actions, qualities, states of existence, or ideas.Example nouns for: * Living creatures (including people, alive, ...

s is shown by a null morpheme that contrasts with the plural morpheme ''-s''. * ''cat'' = ''cat'' + ''-∅'' = ROOT ("cat") + SINGULAR * ''cats'' = ''cat'' + ''-s'' = ROOT ("cat") + PLURAL In addition, there are some cases in English where a null morpheme indicates plurality in nouns that take on irregular plurals. * ''sheep'' = ''sheep'' + ''-∅'' = ROOT ("sheep") + SINGULAR * ''sheep'' = ''sheep'' + ''-∅'' = ROOT ("sheep") + PLURAL Also, a null morpheme marks the present tense of English

verb A verb () is a word ( part of speech) that in syntax generally conveys an action (''bring'', ''read'', ''walk'', ''run'', ''learn''), an occurrence (''happen'', ''become''), or a state of being (''be'', ''exist'', ''stand''). In the usual descr ...

s in all forms but the third person singular: * ''(I) run'' = ''run'' + ''-∅'' = ROOT ("run") + PRESENT: Non-3rd-SINGULAR * ''(He) runs'' = ''run'' + ''-s'' = ROOT ("run") + PRESENT: 3rd-SINGULAR

Derivation

According to some linguists' view, English verbs such as ''to clean'', ''to slow'', ''to warm'' are converted from

adjective In linguistics, an adjective (abbreviated ) is a word that generally modifies a noun or noun phrase or describes its referent. Its semantic role is to change information given by the noun. Traditionally, adjectives were considered one of the ma ...

s by a null morpheme – in contrast to verbs such as ''to widen'' or ''to enable'' which are also converted from adjectives, but using non-null morphemes. Null derivation, also known as

conversion Conversion or convert may refer to: Arts, entertainment, and media * "Conversion" (''Doctor Who'' audio), an episode of the audio drama ''Cyberman'' * "Conversion" (''Stargate Atlantis''), an episode of the television series * "The Conversion" ...

if the

word class In grammar, a part of speech or part-of-speech ( abbreviated as POS or PoS, also known as word class or grammatical category) is a category of words (or, more generally, of lexical items) that have similar grammatical properties. Words that are ass ...

changes, is very common in analytic languages such as English.

In other languages

In languages that show the above distinctions, it is quite common to employ null affixation to mark singular number, present tense and third persons. It is also frequent to find null affixation for the least- marked cases (the

nominative case In grammar, the nominative case (abbreviated ), subjective case, straight case or upright case is one of the grammatical cases of a noun or other part of speech, which generally marks the subject of a verb or (in Latin and formal variants of Engl ...

in nominative–accusative languages, and the

absolutive case In grammar, the absolutive case (abbreviated ) is the case of nouns in ergative–absolutive languages that would generally be the subjects of intransitive verbs or the objects of transitive verbs in the translational equivalents of nominative� ...

in ergative–absolutive languages). English is unusual in its marking of the third person singular with a non-zero morpheme, by contrast with a null morpheme for others. Another unusual usage of the null morpheme is the feminine genitive case plural in most Slavic languages, cf.

Russian Russian(s) refers to anything related to Russia, including: *Russians (, ''russkiye''), an ethnic group of the East Slavic peoples, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries *Rossiyane (), Russian language term for all citizens and peo ...

singular nominative ''женщин-а'' (''zhenshchin-a''), ''woman'', singular genitive ''женщин-ы'' (''zhenshchin-y''), ''woman's'' and plural genitive ''женщин-∅'' (''zhenshchin-∅''), ''women's''. In most languages of the world it is the affixes that are realized as null morphemes. But in some cases

roots A root is the part of a plant, generally underground, that anchors the plant body, and absorbs and stores water and nutrients. Root or roots may also refer to: Art, entertainment, and media * ''The Root'' (magazine), an online magazine focusing ...

may also be realized as these. For instance, the Russian word вы-''∅''-ну-ть (''vynut, 'to take out') consists of one prefix (вы-), one zero root (''-∅-''), one infix (-ну-), and one suffix (-ть).Russian Language Institute, question 210775
/ref> A basic radical element plus a null morpheme is not the same as an

uninflected word In linguistic morphology, an uninflected word is a word that has no morphological markers (inflection) such as affixes, ablaut, consonant gradation, etc., indicating declension or conjugation. If a word has an uninflected form, this is usually ...

, though usage may make those equal in practice.

References

Note: All of the examples under the Inflection heading come from the same source. {{DEFAULTSORT:Null Morpheme

Morpheme A morpheme is the smallest meaningful constituent of a linguistic expression. The field of linguistic study dedicated to morphemes is called morphology. In English, morphemes are often but not necessarily words. Morphemes that stand alone are ...

Zero (linguistics)

In English

Inflection

Derivation

In other languages

See also

References