Yum Kaax (Mayan pronunciation:
um kaːʃ "Lord of the forest") is a
Yukatek Maya
Yucatec Maya (; referred to by its speakers simply as Maya or as , is one of the 32 Mayan languages of the Mayan language family. Yucatec Maya is spoken in the Yucatán Peninsula and northern Belize. There is also a significant diasporic commu ...
name for the god of the wild vegetation and guardian of its animals.
In the past, this god has wrongly been described as an agricultural deity or even as the Maya maize god (god E of the codices), which has become a popular and still existing misconception. In ethnographic reality, Yum Kaax is a god of wild plants and of animals that are important to hunters. As such, he grants protection of the fields against the incursions of the wild nature he himself represents. This type of deity is also found among indigenous peoples of North America. Invoked by hunters, he is the owner of all the game. He can appear to hunters in an instant and possesses songs that will warrant a hunter success and allow his arrows to come back to him.
Role in Mayan culture
Pre-Columbian contact, Yum Kaax was considered one of the most important deities in the Maya pantheon and was used to help those who hunted for their food. Tradition farmers would invoke his name and present him with the first fruits of their fields, carved out from the forest, so that wild animals and vegetation would not destroy their fields. Hunters far out in the wilderness would sometimes take off their shirt, spread it over four stakes in the ground, and then crawl underneath to try and find deer. This is a ritual to Yum Kaax so that deer become easier to find.
Mayan beliefs from Yum Kaax
Mayan sorcerers have learned many secrets from Yum Kaax and these would be used to help one get better results while hunting. Some of the advice given was: When you go hunting, you must first offer Yum Kaax 5 jars of
Balché
''Balché'' is a mildly intoxicating beverage that was commonly consumed by the ancient Maya in what is now Mexico and upper Central America. Today, it is still common among the Yucatec Maya. The drink is made from the bark of a leguminous tree, ...
or nine of chocozacan. To find game, create a candle of
Copal
Copal is tree resin, particularly the aromatic resins from the copal tree ''Protium copal'' (Burseraceae) used by the cultures of pre-Columbian Mesoamerica as ceremonially burned incense and for other purposes. More generally, copal includes re ...
and follow the flicker of the flame. To select your own private hunting ground, kill a deer and cut off its head and then drag the head around the hunting ground and bury the head with its liver – the area that you have dragged the head over will become your own private hunting ground.
[Muntsch 1943: 34]
References
Bibliography
* Thompson, J.E.S., '' Ethnology of the Mayas of southern and central British Honduras''. Chicago 1930.
* Thompson, J.E.S., ''Maya History and Religion''. Norman: U. of Oklahoma Press 1970.
* Steele, R.L., "Dying, Death, and Bereavement Among the Maya Indians of Mesoamerica A Study in Anthropological Psychology". American Psychologist 1977.
* Thompson, J.E.S., "The Civilization of the Mayas". Field Museum of Natural History 1927.
* Spence, L., "The Gods of the Maya". The Open Court 1926.
* Muntsch, A., "Some Magico-Religious Observances of the Present-Day Maya Indians of British Honduras and Yucatan". The George Washington University Institute for Ethnographic Research 1943.
{{Maya
Hunting gods
Maya gods
Nature gods