''Yo-Yo Boing!'' (1998) is a postmodern novel in English, Spanish, and

Spanglish Spanglish (a portmanteau of the words "Spanish" and "English") is any language variety (such as a contact dialect, hybrid language, pidgin, or creole language) that results from conversationally combining Spanish and English. The term is mos ...

by Puerto Rican author

Giannina Braschi Giannina Braschi (born February 5, 1953) is a Puerto Rican poet, novelist, dramatist, and scholar. Her notable works include ''Empire of Dreams'' (1988), ''Yo-Yo Boing!'' (1998) ''and United States of Banana'' (2011). Braschi writes cross-genr ...

. The

cross-genre A hybrid genre is a literary genre that blends themes and elements from two or more different genres. Works in hybrid genres are often referred to as cross-genre, multi-genre, mixed genre, or fusion genre. Hybrid genres are a longstanding element ...

work is a structural hybrid of

poetry Poetry (derived from the Greek ''poiesis'', "making"), also called verse, is a form of literature that uses aesthetic and often rhythmic qualities of language − such as phonaesthetics, sound symbolism, and metre − to evoke meanings i ...

political philosophy Political philosophy or political theory is the philosophical study of government, addressing questions about the nature, scope, and legitimacy of public agents and institutions and the relationships between them. Its topics include politics, ...

, musical, manifesto,

treatise A treatise is a formal and systematic written discourse on some subject, generally longer and treating it in greater depth than an essay, and more concerned with investigating or exposing the principles of the subject and its conclusions." Tre ...

memoir A memoir (; , ) is any nonfiction narrative writing based in the author's personal memories. The assertions made in the work are thus understood to be factual. While memoir has historically been defined as a subcategory of biography or autobiog ...

, and

drama Drama is the specific mode of fiction represented in performance: a play, opera, mime, ballet, etc., performed in a theatre, or on radio or television.Elam (1980, 98). Considered as a genre of poetry in general, the dramatic mode has b ...

. The work addresses tensions between Anglo-American and Hispanic-American cultures in the United States.

Giannina Braschi

Giannina Braschi, a

National Endowment for the Arts The National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) is an independent agency of the United States federal government that offers support and funding for projects exhibiting artistic excellence. It was created in 1965 as an independent agency of the federal ...

fellow, is considered an influential and "revolutionary voice" in contemporary

Latin American literature Latin American literature consists of the oral and written literature of Latin America in several languages, particularly in Spanish, Portuguese, and the indigenous languages of the Americas. It rose to particular prominence globally during the ...

. Braschi's ''Empire of Dreams'' is a postmodern poetry classic, first published in Spain in 1988. Her most recent work is the

postcolonial Postcolonialism is the critical academic study of the cultural, political and economic legacy of colonialism and imperialism, focusing on the impact of human control and exploitation of colonized people and their lands. More specifically, it is a ...

dramatic novel '' United States of Banana'' (2011). Braschi's collective work explores the politics of empire and independence, while capturing the trials and tribulations of the Latin American immigrant in the United States. With the republication of ''United States of Banana'' and her other works in 2011, ''CARAS Magazine'' ranked Braschi in 2012 as one of the most influential Puerto Ricans of the year.

Description

''Yo-Yo Boing!'' has many examples of the linguistic phenomena of

code-switching In linguistics, code-switching or language alternation occurs when a speaker alternates between two or more languages, or language varieties, in the context of a single conversation or situation. Code-switching is different from plurilingualis ...

between English and Spanish, as spoken by millions of

Latinos Hispanic and Latino Americans ( es, Estadounidenses hispanos y latinos; pt, Estadunidenses hispânicos e latinos) are Americans of Spaniards, Spanish and/or Latin Americans, Latin American ancestry. More broadly, these demographics include a ...

and

Hispanic-Americans Hispanic and Latino Americans ( es, Estadounidenses hispanos y latinos; pt, Estadunidenses hispânicos e latinos) are Americans of Spanish and/or Latin American ancestry. More broadly, these demographics include all Americans who identify as ...

in the United States and in Puerto Rico. It is the first full-length novel to use

as a high art form. The translingualism in this Latino narrative anticipated multicultural readers who could readily decode both languages in order to co-construct the storyworld.González, Christopher. Permissible Narratives: The Promise of Latino/a Literature. Ohio State University Press, 2017. Through dramatic dialogues and conversations among a nameless chorus of voices, the work treats subjects as diverse as racial, ethnic, and sexual

prejudice Prejudice can be an affective feeling towards a person based on their perceived group membership. The word is often used to refer to a preconceived (usually unfavourable) evaluation or classification of another person based on that person's per ...

, discrimination,

colonialism Colonialism is a practice or policy of control by one people or power over other people or areas, often by establishing colony, colonies and generally with the aim of economic dominance. In the process of colonisation, colonisers may impose the ...

Puerto Rican independence Throughout the history of Puerto Rico, its inhabitants have initiated several movements to obtain independence for the island, first from the Spanish Empire from 1493 to 1898 and since then from the United States. A spectrum of pro- autonomy, ...

revolution In political science, a revolution (Latin: ''revolutio'', "a turn around") is a fundamental and relatively sudden change in political power and political organization which occurs when the population revolts against the government, typically due ...

, domestic violence, and writer's block. In the book, intellectuals and artists debate English-only laws, ethnic cleansing campaigns, and the

corporate censorship Corporate censorship is censorship by corporations. It is when a spokesperson, employer, or business associate sanctions a speaker's speech by threat of monetary loss, employment loss, or loss of access to the marketplace. It is present in many ...

. The dialogue also refers to

popular culture Popular culture (also called mass culture or pop culture) is generally recognized by members of a society as a set of practices, beliefs, artistic output (also known as, popular art or mass art) and objects that are dominant or prevalent in a ...

Latin American boom The Latin American Boom ( es, Boom latinoamericano) was a literary movement of the 1960s and 1970s when the work of a group of relatively young Latin American novelists became widely circulated in Europe and throughout the world. The Boom is mo ...

, films, sex, poetry, and Puerto Rican artistic expression in New York. Artists and celebrities such as

Woody Allen Heywood "Woody" Allen (born Allan Stewart Konigsberg; November 30, 1935) is an American film director, writer, actor, and comedian whose career spans more than six decades and multiple Academy Award-winning films. He began his career writing ...

, Almodovar,

Michael Jackson Michael Joseph Jackson (August 29, 1958 – June 25, 2009) was an American singer, songwriter, dancer, and philanthropist. Dubbed the "King of Pop", he is regarded as one of the most significant cultural figures of the 20th century. Over a ...

, Madonna, Pavarotti,

Martin Scorsese Martin Charles Scorsese ( , ; born November 17, 1942) is an American film director, producer, screenwriter and actor. Scorsese emerged as one of the major figures of the New Hollywood era. He is the recipient of many major accolades, inclu ...

Fellini Federico Fellini (; 20 January 1920 – 31 October 1993) was an Italian film director and screenwriter known for his distinctive style, which blends fantasy and baroque images with earthiness. He is recognized as one of the greatest and most i ...

Pee-Wee Herman Pee-wee Herman is a comic fictional character created and portrayed by American comedian Paul Reubens. He is best known for his films and television series during the 1980s. The childlike Pee-wee Herman character developed as a stage act that q ...

, and Nabokov are celebrated and derided.

Reception

Marc Zimmerman qualified the reception of ''Yo-Yo Boing!'' by Latin American scholars as "a work heralded by such gurus as Jean Franco,

Doris Sommer Doris Sommer (born January 15, 1947) is a literature scholar. She is Ira Jewell Williams, Jr., Professor of Romance Languages and Literatures and of African and African American Studies at Harvard University. She is also Director of thCultural ...

, and Diamela Eltit and seen as the most complex and experimental of US Puerto Rican fiction yet to be written."

Frederick Luis Aldama Frederick Luis Aldama is an American academic, known for this work as the Jacob & Frances Sanger Mossiker Chair in the Humanities, founder and director of the Latinx Pop Lab, and Affiliate Faculty in Radio-TV-Film at the University of Texas, Austi ...

stated, "Braschi is recognized as one of today's foremost experimental Latinx authors. Braschi's vibrant, bilingually shaped creative expressions and innovation spring from her Latinidad, her Puerto Rican-ness. (In this work) we discover as much about US/Puerto Rico sociopolitical histories as we encounter the metaphysical and existential explorations of a

Cervantes Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra (; 29 September 1547 (assumed) – 22 April 1616 Old Style and New Style dates, NS) was an Early Modern Spanish writer widely regarded as the greatest writer in the Spanish language and one of the world's pre-emin ...

, Rabelais, Diderot, Artaud, Joyce, Beckett,

Stein Stein is a German, Yiddish and Norwegian word meaning "stone" and "pip" or "kernel". It stems from the same Germanic root as the English word stone. It may refer to: Places In Austria * Stein, a neighbourhood of Krems an der Donau, Lower Aust ...

Borges Jorge Francisco Isidoro Luis Borges Acevedo (; ; 24 August 1899 – 14 June 1986) was an Argentine short-story writer, essayist, poet and translator, as well as a key figure in Spanish-language and international literature. His best-known bo ...

, Cortázar, and Rosario Castellanos." In "''Yo-Yo Boing! and Its Critical Reception''," Christopher Gonzalez noted the early reviews published in English by monolingual reviewers were "at once laudatory and hesitant." ''

Publishers Weekly ''Publishers Weekly'' (''PW'') is an American weekly trade news magazine targeted at publishers, librarians, booksellers, and literary agents. Published continuously since 1872, it has carried the tagline, "The International News Magazine of ...

'' called it "a literary liberation and a frustrating challenge" and '' Kirkus Reviews'' called it "a fractious comic novel by Braschi, a highly praised Puerto Rican poet... This in-your-face assertion of the vitality of Latino culture has many agreeable moments, but—let’s face it—how much of its potential readership will be able to understand more than half of it?" Gonzalez posits that "because Braschi owns every aspect of her story-world blueprint due to her equal mastery and fluency in Spanish and English," non-Spanish speaking reviewers considered the work "an affront." Whereas, he notes that bilingual reviewers, such as David William Foster in ''

Review of Contemporary Fiction The Review of Contemporary Fiction is a tri-quarterly journal published by Dalkey Archive Press. It features a variety of fiction, reviews and critical essays on literature that has an experimental, avant-garde or subversive bent. Founded in 1980 ...

'' praised ''Yo-Yo Boing!'' for its "superb exploration for the lived experiences of Hispanics." Debra A. Castillo qualified the work's artistry in this way, “While the author may write big books in terms of the traditional expectations about the poetic genre, she is as concerned about the microlevel of her work as the most highly elaborated lyricist. Braschi’s attention to tone and rhythm, to the music of her text, is extreme.”

Harold Augenbraum Harold Augenbraum (born March 31, 1953) is an American writer, editor, and translator. He is the former Executive Director of the National Book Foundation, and former member of the Board of Trustees of the Asian American Writers Workshop, and ...

Ilan Stavans Ilan Stavans (born Ilan Stavchansky on April 7, 1961) is a Mexican-American author and academic. He writes and speaks on American, Hispanic, and Jewish cultures. He is the author of ''Quixote'' (2015) and a contributor to the ''Norton Anthology ...

, Adriana Estill, Christopher Gonzalez, and other critics have used the phrase "a tour de force" to describe Yo-Yo Boing!

stated in Spanglish, "I have always visto a Giannina Braschi como mi heroína. And I’m an adicto... There is something mágico in her juego de palabras, her exploration of tenses, her anxious, uncompromising bilingüismo que ni es de aquí ni es de aquí ni es de allá, ni tiene age ni porvenir, y ser feliz es su color, su identity. Braschi crea una lexicography that is and isn’t atrapada en el presente.” Stavans was among the first professors to teach Yo-Yo Boing! (Amherst 2002) and dedicate a conference to Spanglish literature (Amherst 2004). Nearly 20 years later, in 2020, ''Yo-Yo Boing!'' is now on the course syllabus for classes in Spanglish, Bilingualism, Linguistics, Latino/a Literature, Puerto Rican Studies, Nuyorican Poetry, Latin American fiction, Experimental Literature, and Avant-garde Theater and Performance.

References

* Aldama, Frederick Luis and O’Dwyer, Tess, eds. ''Poets, Philosophers, Lovers: On the Writings of Giannina Braschi.'' University of Pittsburgh Press. (2020) * Aldama, Frederick Luis. ''The Routledge Concise History of Latino/a Literature''. Routledge. (2013) * Allatson, Paul. "From 'Latinidad' to 'Latinid@ des': Imagining the Twenty-First Century". ''The Cambridge Companion to Latina/o American Literature''. (2016) * Breton, Dominique and Tinchant-Benrahhao, Sabine. "Traduire le spanglish à Porto Rico dans la Grande Caraïbe: le cas de ''Yo Yo Boing!'' de Giannina Braschi" (2016) * Carroll, Julia. "Spanish Affect and Its Effects: Bilingual Process in Giannina Braschi's ''Yo-Yo Boing!''" ''Leading Ladies: mujeres en la literatura hispana y en las artes''. (2006) * Callahan, L., "The role of register in Spanish-English

in prose", ''Bilingual Review/La Revista Bilingüe'', 2003. * Castillo, Debra A. "Language Games: Hinojosa-Smith, Prida, Braschi". ''Redreaming America: Toward a Bilingual American Culture''. State University of New York. (2005) * Cruz-Malavé, Arnaldo,
"Under the Skirt of Liberty: Giannina Braschi Rewrites Empire"
''Americas Quarterly''. 66(3):801–818. (2014) * D'Amore, Anna Maria. "

". ''Translating Contemporary Mexican Texts: Fidelity to Alterity''. Peter Lang. (2009) * De Mojica, Sarah González. "Sujetos híbridos en la literatura puertorriqueña: '' Daniel Santos'' y ''Yo-Yo Boing!''". Literaturas heterogéneas y créoles. ''Revista de crítica literaria latinoamericana'' 187–203. (2002) * De Mojica, Sarah González. "Literaturas heterogéneas e hibridaciones créoles: sujetos andinos y caribes". ''Cuadernos de Literatura'' 6.11. (2000) * Dessús, Virginia. "Identidad(es) postmoderna(s): ''Yo-Yo Boing!'' de Giannina Braschi." ''La Torre: Revista de la Universidad de Puerto Rico'' 6.22. (2001) * Estill, Adriana. Review of ''Yo-Yo Boing''! ''Letras Femeninas'' 25.1.224. (1999) * Foster, David William. ''Review of Contemporary Fiction'' 19.1.202. (1999) * Ghosal, Torsa. "How I Learned to Love Experimental Fiction as a Brown Girl by Seeking Out Books by Women of Color". ''Bustle''. (January 25, 2019) * Goldman, Dara Ellen. "Boricua Unbound: Diasporic Self-Fashioning in Giannina Braschi’s ''Yo-Yo Boing!''" ''Modern Language Association Convention''. (2005) * Goldstein, Dara, ''Complicating constructions: race, ethnicity, and hybridity in American texts'', AB Thacker, 2008. * González, Christopher. "Translingual Minds, Narrative Encounters: Reading Challenges in

Piri Thomas Piri Thomas (born Juan Pedro Tomas; September 30, 1928 – October 17, 2011) was a Puerto Rican- Cuban writer and poet whose memoir ''Down These Mean Streets'' became a best-seller. Early years Thomas was born to a Puerto Rican mother and Cuba ...

’s ''

Down These Mean Streets ''Down These Mean Streets'' is a memoir by Piri Thomas, a Latino of Puerto Rican and Cuban descent who grew up in Spanish Harlem,Berger a section of Harlem with a large Puerto Rican population. The book follows Piri through the first few decade ...

'' and Giannina Braschi's ''Yo-Yo Boing!''" ''Permissible Narratives: The Promise of Latino/a Literature (''on Oscar “Zeta” Acosta,

Gloria Anzaldúa Gloria may refer to: Arts and entertainment Music Christian liturgy and music * Gloria in excelsis Deo, the Greater Doxology, a hymn of praise * Gloria Patri, the Lesser Doxology, a short hymn of praise ** Gloria (Handel) ** Gloria (Jenkin ...

, Giannina Braschi,

Gilbert Hernandez Gilberto Hernández (born February 1, 1957), usually credited as Gilbert Hernandez and also by the nickname Beto (), is an American cartoonist. He is best known for his ''Palomar''/''Heartbreak Soup'' stories in '' Love and Rockets'', an alterna ...

Sandra Cisneros Sandra Cisneros (born December 20, 1954) is an American writer. She is best known for her first novel, ''The House on Mango Street'' (1983), and her subsequent short story collection, '' Woman Hollering Creek and Other Stories'' (1991). Her work e ...

, and

Junot Díaz Junot Díaz (; born December 31, 1968) is a Dominican-American writer, creative writing professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and was fiction editor at '' Boston Review''. He also serves on the board of advisers for Freed ...

). The Ohio State University Press. (2017) * Guzmán, Gualberto A. "Visualizing and Understanding Code-Switching", ''MMUF Journal''. Mellon/Brandeis/Harvard. (2017) * Haydée-Rivera, Carmen. "Embracing alternate discourses on migration: Giannina Braschi's and Luisita López Torregrosa's multi-dimensional literary schemes". ''Revista Umbral''. (2014) * Haydee Rivera, Carmen, "El poder de la palabra y la experiencia transnacional: una entrevista con Giannina Braschi", ''Op-Cit'': Revista del Centro de Investigaciones Históricas, Puerto Rico, 2013. * Irish, Jennifer Erin. "Radical Bodies and Voices of Difference: US Puerto Rican Women’s Humor and Excess in Erika Lopez’s ''Flaming Iguanas'' and Giannina Braschi's ''Yo-Yo Boing!'' "Strangers at Home: Re/Presenting Intersectional Identities in Contemporary Caribbean Latina Narratives." Florida State University. (2018) * "Kirkus Reviews Yo-Yo Boing!" ''Kirkus Reviews'' 66.18.1328. (9/15/1998) * Lomask, Laurie. "Los heraldos negros en contacto con Nueva York: contexto histórico, traducciones al inglés e influencia en artistas norteamericanos." ''Archivo Vallejo'' 4.4: 435-443. (2019) * Loustau, Laura R. "Nomadismos lingüísticos y culturales en ''Yo-Yo Boing!'' de Giannina Braschi". ''Revista Iberoamericana'' 71.211 (2005) * Loustau, Laura R. "Cuerpos errantes: Literatura latina y latinoamericana en Estados Unidos (

Guillermo Gómez-Peña Guillermo Gómez-Peña is a Mexican/Chicano performance artist, writer, activist, and educator. Gómez-Peña has created work in multiple media, including performance art, experimental radio, video, photography and installation art. His fifteen b ...

, Giannina Braschi,

Cristina García (journalist) Cristina García (born July 4, 1958) is a Cuban-born American journalist and novelist. Her first novel ''Dreaming in Cuban'' (1992) was a finalist for the National Book Award. She has since published her novels '' The Agüero Sisters'' (1997) an ...

, Luisa Valenzuela). Beatriz Viterbo Editora. (2002) 9508451181 * Mendoza de Jesus, Ronald. “Assuming a Body? Embodiment, Opacity, and Resistance in Giannina Braschi’s ''Close Up''”. Body, Institution, Memory Symposium. U of the West Indies. (2013) * Monclova, Marta S. Rivera. Discrimination, Evasion, and Livability in Four New York Puerto Rican narratives. Tufts University. (2010) * Francisco Moreno-Fernández. “''Yo-Yo Boing!'' Or Literature as a Translingual Practice”. ''Poets, Philosophers, Lovers: On the Writings of Giannina Braschi''. Aldama, Frederick Luis and O’Dwyer, Tess, eds. University of Pittsburgh Press. (2020) * Nesta, Nicola. "

Code-switching In linguistics, code-switching or language alternation occurs when a speaker alternates between two or more languages, or language varieties, in the context of a single conversation or situation. Code-switching is different from plurilingualis ...

e identità: il caso dello

e la narrativa bilingue di Giannina Braschi." Liguori Editore. (2012) * O’Dwyer, Tess. “''Grunting and Grooming in a Room of One’s Own: On Translating Giannina Braschi’s'' Yo-Yo Boing!” ''Artful Dodge''. (1998) * Osborne, Elizabeth. "El espacio del entremedio como espacio de negociación y provocación en ''Yo-Yo Boing!'' de Giannina Braschi." (2010) * Paul, Crystal. “12 Books of Poetry by Writers of Color for a More Inclusive National Poetry Month” ''Bustle''. (April 13, 2016) * Pérez, Rolando. "The Bilingualisms of Latino/a Literatures"

, ed. ''The Oxford Handbook of Latino Studies''. (2020) * Perisic, Alexandra. ''Precarious Crossings: Immigration,

Neoliberalism Neoliberalism (also neo-liberalism) is a term used to signify the late 20th century political reappearance of 19th-century ideas associated with free-market capitalism after it fell into decline following the Second World War. A prominent fa ...

, and the Atlantic'' (on

Roberto Bolaño Roberto Bolaño Ávalos (; 28 April 1953 – 15 July 2003) was a Chilean novelist, short-story writer, poet and essayist. In 1999, Bolaño won the Rómulo Gallegos Prize for his novel ''Los detectives salvajes'' ('' The Savage Detectives ...

, Giannina Braschi,

Maryse Condé Maryse Condé (née Boucolon; February 11, 1937) is a French novelist, critic, and playwright from the French Overseas department and region of Guadeloupe. Condé is best known for her novel ''Ségou'' (1984–85).Condé, Maryse, and Richard ...

Fatou Diome Fatou Diome (born 1968 in Niodior) is a France, French-Senegal, Senegalese writer known for her best-selling novel ''The Belly of the Atlantic'', which was published in 2001. Her work explores immigrant life in France, and the relationship betwee ...

, Marie Ndiaye, and

Caryl Phillips Caryl Phillips (born 13 March 1958) is a Kittitian-British novelist, playwright and essayist. Best known for his novels (for which he has won multiple awards), Phillips is often described as a Black Atlantic writer, since much of his fictional ...

). The Ohio State University Press. (2019) * Popovich, Ljudmila Mila. " Metafictions, Migrations, Metalives: Narrative Innovations and Migrant Women's Aesthetics in Giannina Braschi and

Etel Adnan Etel Adnan ( ar, إيتيل عدنان; 24 February 1925 – 14 November 2021) was a Lebanese-American poet, essayist, and visual artist. In 2003, Adnan was named "arguably the most celebrated and accomplished Arab American author writing today" ...

." International Journal of the Humanities. (2011) * Robles, Rojo. ''Cinegrafia: Literatura, Espectadores y Cinefilia Contemporanea en Latinoamerica''. Dissertation. City University of New York (2020) * Waldron, John V. Review of ''Estados Unidos de Banana''. Trad. Manuel Broncano. ''Feministas'' ''Unidas''. (2018) * Steinberg, Sybil S. “Book Review: Yo-Yo Boing!”

. (1998) * Singh, Deepak. “Construyendo una Identidad Propia: Estrategias de Subversión en ''Yo-Yo Boing!'' de Giannina Braschi y en ''Brick Lane'' de {{Mónica Ali.” Investigación. Uniamazonía. (2016) * Sommer, Doris and Vega-Merino, Alexandra. Introduction. "Either and." ''Yo-Yo Boing!'' Discovery Series: Latin American Literary Review Press. (1998) * Stanchich, Maritza. "Bilingual Big Bang: Giannina Braschi's Trilogy Levels the Spanish-English Playing Field". Aldama, Frederick Luis and O'Dwyer, Tess, eds.''Poets, Philosophers, Lovers: On the Writings of Giannina Braschi.'' U Pittsburgh. (2020) * Stanchich, Maritza. "'Borinkee' in Hawai'i." Writing Off the Hyphen: New Critical Perspectives on the Literature of the Puerto Rican Diaspora the Puerto Rican Diaspora. U Washington Press. (2008) * Stanchich, Martiza G., ''Insular interventions: diasporic Puerto Rican literature bilanguaging toward a greater Puerto Rico,'' University of California, Santa Cruz, 2003. * Stanchich, Martiza G
"Whose English is it Anyway? Giannina Braschi Levels the Bilingual Playing Field"
Modern Language Association Convention, January 5, 2013. * Stavans, Ilan. Foreword. "''Poets, Philosophers, Lovers: On the Writings of Giannina Braschi''." Aldama, Frederick Luis and O'Dwyer, Tess, eds. University of Pittsburgh Press. (2020) * Stavans, Ilan. ''

'': ''The Making of a New American Language''. Harper Collins. (2003) * Stavans, Ilan, "My Love Affair with

,'' in ''Lives in Translation: Bilingual Writers on Identity and Creativity,'' edited y Isabelle de Courtivron, Palgrave, 2003.'' * Stavans, Ilan, "Latin lingo: Spanglish is everywhere now, which is no problema for some, but a pain in the cuello for purists," ''The Boston Globe,'' September 14, 2003. * Torres, Lourdes. "In the Zone:

Code-Switching In linguistics, code-switching or language alternation occurs when a speaker alternates between two or more languages, or language varieties, in the context of a single conversation or situation. Code-switching is different from plurilingualis ...

Strategies by Latino/a writers." ''Melus'' 32.1. (2007) * Torres-Padilla, José L. "When Hybridity Doesn't Resist: Giannina Braschi's ''Yo-Yo Boing''!". ''Complicating Constructions: Race, Ethnicty, and Hybridity in American Texts.'' Goldstein, David S. and Thacker, Audrey B., eds. U Washington Press. (2007) * Valle Narciso, José María. "Las dos caras de la reivindicación social en ''Yo-Yo Boing''!" Label Me Latina/o. (2018) *O'Dwyer, Tess, "Grunting and Grooming in a Room of One's Own: On Translating Giannina Braschi's Yo-Yo Boing!", ''Artful Dodge,'' New York, August 10, 1998. *Rivera Monclova, Marta S.
''Discrimination, Evasion, and Liability in Four New York Puerto Rican Narratives"
Tufts University, 2010. *Hitchcock, Peter. "Novelization in Decolonization, or, Postcolonialism Reconsidered." Other Globes. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2019. 177-194. *Marting, Diane E.
"New/Nueva York in Giannina Braschi's 'Poetic Egg': Fragile Identity, Postmodernism, and Globalization"
''The Global South,'' volume 4-1, Indiana University Press, Spring 2010. *Gonzalez Viana, Eduardo, ''Cruce de fronteras: Antología de escritores iberoamericanos en Estados Unidos,'' 2013 {{in lang, es. * Paz Soldán, Edmundo and Fuguet, Alberto, "Se habla español," Santillana USA/Alfaguara, 2000. *Von Haesondonck, Kristian, "Enchantment or Fright: Identity and Postmodern Writing in Contemporary Puerto Rico", in ''Cultural Identity and Postmodern Writing,'' edited by Theo D'haen and Pieter Vermeulen, Editions Rodopi, 2006. *Zimmerman, Marc, ''Defending Their Own in the Cold: The Cultural Turns of U.S. Puerto Ricans,'' University of Illinois, Chicago, 2011. *Torres, L. "In the contact zone: Code-switching strategies by Latino/a writers," Melus, 2007.

External links

Author bio: Library of Congress, 2012.

video "Future of the Spanish Language," Oppenheimer Presents, Miami, November 21, 2009.

video "United States of Banana," Michael Somoroff, Director, New York, September 2011.

bilingual excerpts from Yo-Yo Boing!

WAPA TV, "Escritora puertorriqueña que poco a poco se ha abierto paso en Estados Unidos" by Normando Valentín, December 2011.
"Nuyorican Power,"
program on Nuyorican culture, featuring Giannina Braschi, Produced By: Evan B. Stone & Carrie Pyle for
CURRENT TV

Latino Poetry
A la Vielle Russie
Evergreen Review 1989 American novels Hispanic and Latino American novels Spanish-language novels Latin American novels Metafictional novels Postmodern novels Puerto Rican culture in the United States Puerto Rican plays Postcolonial novels Novels set in New York City Multiculturalism in the United States Literature by Hispanic and Latino American women

Giannina Braschi

Description

Reception

References

Further reading

External links