The Elizavetpol Governorate, also known after 1918 as the Ganja Governorate, was a province (''guberniya'') of the Caucasus Viceroyalty (1801–1917), Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire, with its capital in Yelisavetpol (present-day Ganja, Azerbaijan, Ganja). The area of the governorate stretched and was composed of 1,275,131 inhabitants in 1916. The Elizavetpol Governorate bordered the Erivan Governorate to the west, the Tiflis Governorate and Zakatal Okrug to the north, the Dagestan Oblast to the northeast, the Baku Governorate to the east, and Iran to the south.

Geography

The area of the governorate includes the southern slope of the main Caucasus Mountains, Caucasus range in the northeast, where Mount Bazardüzü and other peaks rise above the snow-line; the arid steppes beside the Kura (Caspian Sea), Kura river, reaching 1000 ft. of altitude in the west and sinking to 100–200 ft. in the east, where irrigation is necessary; and the northern slopes of the Transcaucasian escarpment and portions of the Armenian Highlands, which is intersected towards its western boundary, near Lake Sevan, by chains of mountains consisting of trachytes and various crystalline rocks. Elsewhere the country has the character of a plateau, 7,000 to 8,000 ft. high, deeply trenched by tributaries of the Aras (river), Aras. All varieties of climate are found in the snowclad peaks, Alpine meadows, and stony deserts of the high levels, to that of the hill slopes and of the arid Caspian steppes.

History

Elizavetpol Governorate was created by the decree "On the transformation of the administration of the Caucasian and Transcaucasian region" dated December 9, 1867. The province included the Elizavetpol uezd of the Tiflis Governorate, the Nukha uezd, Nukha and Shusha uezd, Shusha ''uezds'' of the Baku Governorate and part of the abolished Ordubad uezd. By the same decree, the Kazakh uezd, Kazakh and Zangezur uezd, Zangezur ''uezds'' were formed as part of the province. In 1873, three new ''uezds'' were formed in the Governorate - Aresh uezd, Aresh, Jebrail uezd, Jebrail and Jevanshir uezd, Jevanshir. The governorate included lands of the former Ganja Khanate, Shaki Khanate, and Karabakh Khanate. It bordered with Baku Governorate, Tiflis Governorate, Erivan Governorate, Dagestan Oblast, and Qajar Iran, Persia. From 1905, there were attempts by Armenian intelligentsia of the Russian Empire to separate the highland areas (commonly known as Nagorno-Karabakh, Mountainous Karabakh) from the rest of Elizavetpol into a ''zemstvo'' (self-governing rural community) province. On the establishment of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic in May 1918, the Elizavetpol Governorate was renamed Ganja Governorate to de-Russify the region. The neighboring Democratic Republic of Armenia claimed the entirety of the western highland sections of the governorate which as a whole formed a small Armenian majority, however, Armenian control did not exceed the western parts of Zangezur, Kazakh and Karabakh. In 1919, the entirety of Karabakh south of the Murov Range with British support was separated into the Karabakh General Governorship, following the subjugation of the Karabakh Council, Karabakh Armenian Council. The governorate provincial system was abolished in the early 1920s after the Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan, Sovietization of Azerbaijan. In early 1921—after the Red Army invasion of Armenia, Sovietization of Armenia—a Armenian Revolutionary Federation, Dashnak Armenian revolt that spawned in Yerevan spread to the Zangezur uezd, becoming known as the Republic of Mountainous Armenia. The rebels led by Garegin Nzhdeh finally departed Zangezur in the summer of 1921 after receiving guarantees the district would remain part of Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic, Soviet Armenia. In the present-day, the territory of the former Elizavetpol Governorate forms the bulk of western Azerbaijan and adjacent areas of Tavush Province, northeastern and Syunik Province, southeastern Armenia.

Administrative divisions

The counties (''uezds'') of the Elizavetpol Governorate in 1917 were as follows:

Demographics

The 1886 population estimate was 728,943, living in 3 cities (Elizavetpol, Nukha, and Shusha) and 1521 villages.Елизаветпольская губерния
(Elizavetpol Governorate) in Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary According to 1886 statistics reported in Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, the Eastern Orthodox, Orthodox Christians constituted 0.21% of the Governorate's population, and various ''sektanty'' ("sectarians") around 1% (~7,300 people). This means that most of the ethnic Russians in the governorate at the time (1.11% of the Governorate's 728,943 population in 1886) were members of various sectarian communities such as Doukhobors and Molokans.

Russian Empire census (1897)

According to the Russian Empire Census of 1897, the Elizavetpol Governorate had a population of 878,415, including 34,776 men and 22,702 women. The majority of the population indicated Tatar (later known as Azerbaijani language, Azerbaijani) to be their mother tongue, with a significant Armenian language, Armenian speaking minority.

Caucasian Calendar (1917)

According to the 1917 publication of the ''Caucasian Calendar'', the Elizavetpol Governorate had 1,275,131 residents in 1916, including 676,377 men and 598,754 women, 1,213,626 of whom were the permanent population, and 61,505 were temporary residents.

Known governors

*Fokion Bulatov, 1868–1876 *Alexander Nakashidze, 1880–1897 *Ivan Kireyev, 1897–1900 *Nikolai Lutsau, 1900–1905 *Yegor Baranovsky, 1905 (acting) *Alexander Kalachev, 1905–1907 *Samkalov, 1907–1908 *Georgi Kovalev, 1908–1916 *Mikhail Poyarkov, 1916–1917Lands of Ganja

Notes

References

Bibliography

* * {{coord, 40.6828, N, 46.3606, E, source:wikidata, display=title Elizavetpol Governorate, Caucasus Viceroyalty (1801–1917) Governorates of the Caucasus Modern history of Azerbaijan Modern history of Armenia States and territories established in 1868 States and territories disestablished in 1917 1868 establishments in the Russian Empire 1917 disestablishments in Russia 19th century in Azerbaijan 20th century in Azerbaijan