Xiphydriidae are a family of

wood wasp Sawflies are the insects of the suborder Symphyta within the order Hymenoptera, alongside ants, bees, and wasps. The common name comes from the saw-like appearance of the ovipositor, which the females use to cut into the plants where they lay ...

s that includes around 150 species. They are located all over the world including North and South America, Australia, Europe, and others. Xiphydriidae larvae are wood borers in dead trees or branches of a range of trees. They are characterized as having long and skinny necks with dome-shaped heads. The oldest fossils of the group are from the mid Cretaceous.

Genera

These 29 genera belong to the family Xiphydriidae: * '' Alloxiphia'' Wei, 2002 * '' Austrocyrta'' Riek, 1955 * '' Austroxiphyda'' Jennings, Macdonald, Schiff & Parslow, 2021 * '' Brachyxiphus'' Philippi, 1871 * '' Calexiphyda'' Smith, 2008 * '' Carinoxiphia'' Wei, 1999 * '' Derecyrta'' Smith, 1860 * '' Eoxiphia'' Maa, 1949 * '' Euxiphydria'' Semenov-Tian-Shanskii & Gussakovskii, 1935 * '' Genaxiphia'' Maa, 1949 * '' Gryponeura'' Benson, 1954 * '' Heteroxiphia'' Saini & Singh, 1987 * '' Hyperxiphia'' Maa, 1949 * '' Indoxiphia'' Maa, 1949 * '' Lataxiphyda'' Smith, 2008 * '' Lissoxiphyda'' Smith, 2008 * '' Megaxiphia'' Wei, 1999 * '' Moaxiphia'' Maa, 1949 * '' Obesaxiphyda'' Smith, 2008 * '' Platyxiphydria'' Takeuchi, 1938 * '' Rhysacephala'' Benson, 1954 * '' Steirocephala'' Benson, 1954 * '' Trixiphidia'' Wei, 1999 * '' Xiphidiaphora'' Benson, 1954 * '' Xiphydria'' Latreille, 1802 * '' Xiphydriola'' Semenov-Tian-Shanskii, 1921 * '' Yangixiphia'' Wei, 2002 * † '' Paraxiphydria'' Gao et al, 2022

Burmese amber Burmese amber, also known as Burmite or Kachin amber, is amber from the Hukawng Valley in northern Myanmar. The amber is dated to around 100 million years ago, during the latest Albian to earliest Cenomanian ages of the mid-Cretaceous period. The ...

, Myanmar Cretaceous

Albian The Albian is both an age of the geologic timescale and a stage in the stratigraphic column. It is the youngest or uppermost subdivision of the Early/Lower Cretaceous Epoch/ Series. Its approximate time range is 113.0 ± 1.0 Ma to 100.5 ± 0 ...

Cenomanian The Cenomanian is, in the ICS' geological timescale, the oldest or earliest age of the Late Cretaceous Epoch or the lowest stage of the Upper Cretaceous Series. An age is a unit of geochronology; it is a unit of time; the stage is a unit in ...

Anatomy and morphology

Xiphydria camelus female (dorsal view) - Keila

Head

Most of the species of Xiphydriidae have antennae that are filiform. The antennal segments vary in number ranging from 14 to 22. The maxillary and labial palpi shape and length varies by species. They have an occipital carina which is a ridge in the back of the head. The head is somewhat spherical and is shiny.

Thorax

The pronotum is medially constricted in Xiphydriidae. The defined axillae completely separates the scutum laterally from the mesoscutellum. Parts of the thorax for Xiphydriidae are generally smooth and shiny.

Abdomen

The segment of the abdomen called the gaster can have an orange, red, or yellow coloring pattern. A study by David R. Smith broke the Xiphydriidae into different groups by their abdomen. The groups were as follows: * Xiphydriidae that have a maxillary palpus segmented into 7. * Xiphydriidae that have short maxillary palpi and contain female fore claws with inner tooth. * Xiphydriidae that have short maxillary palpi and also contain claws of both sexes with inner tooth.

Life cycle and development

Larva

The Xiphydriidae larvae phytophagous, meaning bore into dead or weak trees and plants. When they are buried in these trees, they rely on symbiotic fungi for food in the tunnels that they made. The larva either do not have legs or they have vestigial legs. During the larval stage, the head of Xiphydriidae is as long as broad. As a larva, the antenna contains either three or four segments. The first segment of the antenna does not have setae and is not enlarged.

Adult

Adults are 6-21mm long. Adult Xiphydriidae are most commonly found in shadowy places and run on the surface of leaves. The adults have heads that are spherical which are attached to long and skinny necks.

Ecology

Xiphydriidae bore and feed into dying or weakened trees so they do not have a negative effect to the environment. They can be a secondary pest to humans because of the dead wood people may bring into their homes. Xiphydriidae can be a host for parasitoid Aulacidae and they emerge from larvae that are fully grown. In Japan, female Xiphydriidae were dissected and fungal spores were found. The spores were 5 to 30 micrometers in diameter and had a globular shape. Mucus was also in the glandular organs of some of the wood wasps.

References

* Jennings, J. T.; Austin, A. D. & Bashford, R. (2009). "First record of the woodwasp family Xiphydriidae from Tasmania with a description of a new species and host record". ''Australian Journal of Entomology''. 48: 25–28. {{Taxonbar, from=Q604808 Sawfly families Sawflies Taxa named by William Elford Leach