''Xiphinema diversicaudatum'' is an amphimictic ectoparasitic
nematode
The nematodes ( or grc-gre, Νηματώδη; la, Nematoda) or roundworms constitute the phylum Nematoda (also called Nemathelminthes), with plant- parasitic nematodes also known as eelworms. They are a diverse animal phylum inhabiting a bro ...
species.
[Evans, K., Trudgill, D.L., Webster, J.M. 1998. Plant Parasitic Nematodes in Temperate Agriculture.] This species has a characteristically long stylet capable of penetrating into a host's vascular tissue.
[''Xiphinema diversicaudatum'']
at Nemaplex, University of California
The University of California (UC) is a public land-grant research university system in the U.S. state of California. The system is composed of the campuses at Berkeley, Davis, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, University of Califor ...
They have a wide host range with some of the extensively studied ones being
strawberry
The garden strawberry (or simply strawberry; ''Fragaria × ananassa'') is a widely grown hybrid species of the genus '' Fragaria'', collectively known as the strawberries, which are cultivated worldwide for their fruit. The fruit is widely ap ...
,
hops
Hops are the flowers (also called seed cones or strobiles) of the hop plant '' Humulus lupulus'', a member of the Cannabaceae family of flowering plants. They are used primarily as a bittering, flavouring, and stability agent in beer, to w ...
and
raspberry
The raspberry is the edible fruit of a multitude of plant species in the genus ''Rubus'' of the rose family, most of which are in the subgenus '' Idaeobatus''. The name also applies to these plants themselves. Raspberries are perennial with ...
, due to their economic importance.
[Whitehead, A.G. 1998. Plant Nematode Control.]
The direct root damage caused through penetration near the root tip and formation of galls is a secondary concern when compared with the damage caused by vectoring the Arabis mosaic virus. The virus attaches to the interior cuticle lining and can be transferred from infected to uninfected root tissue as the nematode feeds and sheds.
[Taylor, C.E., Robertson, W.M., 1970. Sites of Virus Retention in the Alimentary Tract of the Nematode Vectors, ''Xiphinema diversicaudatum'' (Micol.) and ''X.index'' (Thorne and Allen), Annals of Applied Biology (1970),66, 375-380)] Management of this particular nematode relies on
nematicide
A nematicide is a type of chemical pesticide used to kill plant-parasitic nematodes. Nematicides have tended to be broad-spectrum toxicants possessing high volatility or other properties promoting migration through the soil. Aldicarb (Temik), a ca ...
s such as 1,3-Dichloropropene (Telone) at 40 gpa.or methyl bromide at 1000 lb/ac to control to 28 in deep.
History
''Xiphinema diversicaudatum'' was initially characterized in 1927 by Micoletzky.
[ It had been speculated that the ]Xiphinema
''Xiphinema'' is a genus of ectoparasitic root nematodes commonly known as dagger nematodes.Whitehead, A.G. 1998. Plant Nematode Control The genus is of economic importance on grape, strawberry, hops and a few other crops. Major species include ' ...
species were pathogenic to plants since ''Xiphinema americanum'' was first identified in 1913 by Nathan Cobb. The experimental proof for this was provided by Steiner 1949 and 1952, and Christie 1952b.[ In 1957 the connection between ''Xiphinema diversicaudatum'' and the formation of root galls on host plants was proved using roses and strawberries, both of which are known host crops.][Schindler, A.F., 1957. Parasitism and Pathogenicity of ‘’Xiphinema diversicaudatum’’, and ectoparasitic nematode. Nematologica, II (1957):25-31)][Schindler, A.F., Braun A.J., 1957. Pathogenicity of an Ectorparasite Nematode, ''Xiphinema diversicaudatum'', on Strawberries. Nematologica, II (1957):91-93)]
Distribution
''Xiphinema diversicaudatum'' is located throughout the world, including California
California is a state in the Western United States, located along the Pacific Coast. With nearly 39.2million residents across a total area of approximately , it is the most populous U.S. state and the 3rd largest by area. It is also the m ...
. It is located in more than 23 European countries, South Africa, Canada, USA, Australia and New Zealand. More recent information on the locations of Arabis mosaic virus implies that the list above could be more extensive than that which is currently available.[''Xiphinema diversicaudatum'']
CABI
Morphology
''Xiphinema diversicaudatum'' are large nematodes, 4.0mm-5.5mm in length.[ They have a long protrusible ]